General Concept

GENERAL ANATOMY

Students will be able to

describe the vertebrate body plan highlighting the bilateral symmetry and regional differentiation into head, neck, trunk and caudal region;
explain the evolution of the notochord, nervous, digestive, renal, reproductive, and musculo-skeletal system of the body;
explain evolution of coelomic cavities in relation to major organs in the body;
visualize the trunk as a double tubular system:
outer part that consists of notochord, neural tube, musculature of body wall and parietal peritoneum;
inner part consists of the gut system connected with the outer tube by dorsal and ventral mesenteries (visceral peritoneum);
note the outgrowths of digestive system and projections of other organs into the body cavity in section;

discuss evolutionary changes in population in relationship to genetic mutation;
explain the terms ‘phenotype’ and ‘genotype’;
explain Mendelian inheritance and correlate with autosomal and sex linked dominant and recessive diseases.
classify chromosome, mention its parts, mention the structural and numerical anomalies of chromosomes with examples.
mention briefly on pedigree charting and genetic counseling.

describe the gross cell structures and their functions;
describe the process involved in cell division;
describe epithelium and tissue;
classify epithelial cells based on the shape and number of layers of cells;
define endothelium and mesothelism;
explain the non-epithelial tissues;
classify glands;
define ‘exocrine’ and ‘endocrine’ glands; give the morphology of exocrine glands.

Human anatomy

Students will be able to

define the terms ‘anatome’ and ‘dissecare’;
list the subdivisions of gross (macroscopic) anatomy;
define anatomic terminologies;
explain anatomic adjectives used as oairs of opposites:
explain the anatomic movements usually described as pairs of opposites
describe the skin in respect of its functions, divisions, cleavage lines, innervations, significance in general medicine, general and plastic surgery, dermatology and neurology.
describe different layers of skin; describe skin appendages;
describe vascular and nerve supply to the skin;
correlate the importance of knowing these structures in relation to diseases like leprosy, eczema, bullous diseases,
explain fascial layers and their functions;
describe mammary gland as a part of the superficial fascia, its blood supply, lymphatic drainage, development and anomalies.

General Embryology

Students will be able to

explain the significance of the study of embryology in the different disciplines of medical sciences;
describe the process of maturation of gametes;
describe the process of fertilization and zygote formation; describe different stages of embryonic development; explain development of foetal membranes from the zygote;
describe amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion, foetal part of placenta, body stalk;
describe the placenta, give its classification and functions;
describe the umbilical cord including the fate of the constituents of the umbilical cord;
explain the anomalies in relation to amniotic fluid, yolk sac, allantois, chorion, placenta and umbilical cord.
describe teratogenesis and list teratogenic agents.

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

General Concepts:

Students will be able to:

Describe general functional organization of human body.
Define common physiological terminologies with examples.
Describe briefly the concept of differentiation of cells/tissues for special function.
Define homeostasis and give suitable examples.
Describe the concept of control system, positive and negative feedback mechanisms with suitable examples
Describe the functions of different cellular organelles
Describe the body fluid compartments and their composition.
describe the structure of cell membrane and describe the different transport mechanisms occurring at the cell membrane.
describe inter-cellular connections and inter-cellular communication.
describe membrane electro-physiological properties including resting membrane potential, sodium- potassium pump, Nernst equation, action potential and its ionic basis, propagation of action potential, Goldman equation.
define stimulus, excitability, conductivity, refractory period, chronaxie, rheobase, utilization time, strength duration curve, and spatial and temporal summation.
differentiate between local potentials and action potentials.
describe compound action potential and difference between monophasic and biphasic action potentials.
describe Wallerian degeneration and changes in the proximal segment when a neuron is sectioned.
describe the main theories advanced to explain ageing process.
describe the concepts of yoga, and its different techniques

Blood

Students will be able to

describe composition and functions of blood, principles underlying measurement of blood volume.
describe plasma proteins: concentration, types and functions including colloid . osmotic pressure, Starling forces at the level of capillaries.
describe erythrocytes -morphology, functions, fate, normal count.
describe erythropoiesis including the regulating factors.
define PCV (hematocrit), ESR, blood indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC), and osmotic fragility.
describe leukocytes: classification, morphology, functions, development, and normal counts.
describe the principles underlying blood transfusion: blood groups, Landsteiner’s law, cross matching, inheritance, indications and hazards of blood transfusion.
describe the physiology of coagulation, tests for clotting, clot retraction, fibrinolysis, and anticoagulants.
describe the physiological basis of acquired and natural immunity.

Disordered functions

Students will be able to explain the physiological basis of:

conduction blocks in multiple sclerosis and other neuropathies.
anaemia, polycythemia, thrombocytopenic purpura.
bleeding and clotting disorders.
erythroblastosis fetalis, hemolytic disease of the newborn.
acute renal shutdown in severe blood transfusion reaction.

BIOCHEMISTRY

Molecular logic and water

Student will be able to

describe molecular logic of living organism (in relation to replication, metabolism of biocatalyst, production and exchange of energy).
draw the structure of water and hydrogen bonds between water molecules and state its importance in properties of water.
list the importance of hydrogen bonds and dipole interactions and Van der wall forces in biomolecules.
define the first and second law of thermodynamics, Gibb’s free energy, enthalpy, exothermic and endothermic reactions (exergonic and endergonic).
describe polar and non polar substances, hydrophilic and hydrophobic effects.
explain ionization of water and define hydronium ionic product of water, neutral, acidic and basic solution.
define equivalent weight, molecular weight, moles, osmoses, diffusion, Donna effect, pH, buffer, Henderson and Hasselbach equation.

Cell

draw the diagram of E. coli;
draw the diagram of eukaryotic cell and label various structures;
describe the hierarchy in cell structure from cell organelle to building blocks;
list the main functions of organelles and membranes (plasma membrane, nucleus and nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, cytosol);
draw a simple diagram showing isolation of subcellular components from rat liver by differentia! and density gradient centrifugation.

Biological membranes

list the composition of membrane and their distribution (lipids, proteins and carbohydrates);
draw the structures of fluid mosaic model of biological membrane and show their asymmetry;
describe following modes of movements of molecules through membranes: (a)diffusion, (b) mediated transports, © energetic transport systems, define ionophore.
describe the channel ionophores and major cations transportation,
list the diseases due to abnormality of membrane fluidity and loss of membrane transport (spur cell anaemia, loss of glucose transport from intestine, fructose malabsorption, Hartnup disease.

Proteins

describe the functions of proteins in human body.
describe the proteins as polymers of amino acids.
draw the structure of peptide bond.
list the name and draw the side chain of common amino acids.
classify the amino acids into neutral, acidic, basic and hydrophobic and essential and nonessential.
define isometric pH, and describe acid base properties of amino acids.
describe the common reactions of amino acids.
list the names and principle used in fractionation of proteins.
describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
(with reference to Hb., collagen and silk).

Carbohydrates

define carbohydrate.
classify carbohydrates and give example in each group;
describe isomerism in carbohydrate and form sterioisomerism and optical.
define and draw pyranose and furanose ring structures, state alpha and beta mononomers, glycosides, deoxysugars.
Draw the structure of glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxy-sugars and aminosugars.
describe the importance of oligosaccharides homo and heteropolysaccharides.
describe important reactions given by carbohydrates;
list the carbohydrates of membranes;
list physiologically important glycoproteins and glycosaminglycans (mucopolysaccharides) and describe their physiological significances;

Lipids

define lipid.
classify lipids into different groups (both saponifiable and non-saponifiable).
describe structure, systematic, classification and common names of important saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
list essential fatty acids.
describe important reactions of fatty acids.
describe and draw the structure of micelles, liposomes and list the different groups of lipopriteins (classifications).

Enzymes

define enzyme.
classify enzymes into six groups (international nomenclature).
describe chemical kinetics of enzyme (velocity, order of reaction unit, specific activity, turnover, Michael-Menten equation and its significance).
describe co-enzymes, their structure, function and co-factors (metal).
Describe different kinds of inhibition of enzymes (competitive non-competitive and uncompetitive) and give examples of drugs as enzyme inhibitors.
Describe the effect of temperature, pH, reactant con, and enzyme con., in the enzyme catalysis.
describe the allosteric control of enzyme activity.
Describe amplification of regulatory signals (phosphorylation cascade and blood coagulation).
List major important enzyme of cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, peroxisome and nucleus.
Define functional and nonfunctional enzymes of plasma and list the clinically important enzymes of plasma and their normal level.
define iso-enzymes and list the clinically important iso-erizymes; describe their roie and normal level (LDH, Alkaline phosphatase, CPK Amylase and acid phosphatase).
list the enzymes having therapeutic roles.
list the method of estimation of enzyme and iso-enzyme.

Metabolism of glucose and other absorbed sugars

describe the importance of glycolytic pathways.
list the fate of glucose in various tissues.
explain primary spiting oxido-reduction, phosphorylation, stages.
describe stoichometry of glycolytic pathway.
sketch the shuttle pathways.
enumerate inhibitors of the pathways.
explain the energetics of NADH oxidation.
describe alcohol oxidation and effect of barbiturates in combination with alcohol.
show the relation between pyruvate kinase and haemolytic anaemia.
show the relation between hypoglycaemia and alcohol intoxication.
describe diabetes mellites and hypoglycaemia.
list the biochemical investigation in Diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemia.

Gluconeogenesis

describe the importance of formation of glucose in the body
sketch the pathways showing glucose synthesis (including cori cycle and alanine cycle), from amino acids, fats and other sugars.
explain regulation of gluconeogenetic pathways.
explain importance of gluconeogenesis in premature infants
explain hormonal interaction and glucose level; diabetes meiiitus and glycosylated Hb.

Glycogenolysis

describe the significance of glycogenolysis and glycogenesis.
sketch the pathways of glycogen degradation and glycogen synthesis.
describe the special features of glycogen degradation anc synthesis and their regulation.
explain the various glycogen storage diseases and enumerate the mechanism and enzymes involved.

Pentose phosphate pathways and monosaccharides interconversion

draw the reaction sequences of pentose phosphate pathways.
explain the significance of pentose phosphate pathway.
explain the genetic deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its effect in erythrocytes.
draw the reactions showing interconversion and relation between glucose, fructose, mannose and galactose.
explain the fructosuria and fructose intolerance and deficiency of enzyme in these cases.
explain galactosuria and pentosuria and mechanism involved in these cases.
describe the glucuronic acid metaboism and physiological significance of glucuronic acid formation.

TCA-Cycle

describe the energy producing and utilizing system (ATP cycle) and thermodynamic relationship of energy rich compounds.
explain the mechanism of action and location of PDH and its components.
list the sources and fate of acetyl co A.
list the sources and fate of pyruvate.
draw figures showing individual reactions of TCA cycle and energy yield.
explain the regulation of TCA cycle.
explain the correlation between lactic acidosis of children and PDH deficiency and its principle of management.
describe the anabolic roles of TCA-cycle (porphyrin synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis)
describe anaplerotic reaction.

Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism

state the general functions of nucleotides: (a) roles in energy metabolism (b) as units of nucleic acids © second messenger (d) components of co-enzymes (e) activated intermediates (f) and as metabolic regulator.
describe chemistry and metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
describe salvage pathways for purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
explain nucleotide metabolising enzymes as function of the cell cycle and rate of ceil division.
explain the mechanism of action of glutamate antagonists, anti-folate, and other structural analog of purine and pyrimidine (6 mercaptopurine adenoarabinoside, cytosine arabinoside, 5- flurouracil, deazauridine and hydroxy urea).
explain orotic aciduria, gout, Lesch Nyhan syndrome as abnormal nucleotide metabolism.

Vitamins

define vitamin.
list fat soluble vitamins.
list energy releasing water soluble vitamins and haematopoietic water soluble vitamins.
list the active forms of vitamin A,D.K, and E; sources and daily recommended allowances.
describe their (A,D,K,E) physiological roles.
explain their (A,D,K and E) deficiency diseases and hypervitaminosis);
list the water soluble vitamins; describe sources, daily allowances and physiological roles, explain deficiency diseases (B1, B2, B6 B12, niacin, folic acid, biotin and vitamin C).

Macronutrients

list fat soluble vitamins, their courses, daily allowance, physiological functions and deficiency diseases as well as hypervitaminosis conditions.
list haemopoetic water soluble vitamins, their sources and daily allowance, physiological functions and deficiency diseases.
list the energy releasing water soluble vitamins, their sources and daily allowance, physiological functions and deficiency diseases.
list the essential trace elements (Iron, Iodine, zinc, copper, chromium, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, Born etc.), their sources, daily allowance, and their physiological functions, deficiency diseases, as well as excess overdose conditions.

Nucleic acids and protein biosynthesis

describe the structure of DNA.
explain DNA duplication.
enumerate mutations in DNA and describe DNA repair mechanism.
describe characteristic features in the process of transcription.
enumerate molecular characteristic features of RNA polymerase.
describe the properties of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.
enumerate the antibiotics inhibiting synthesis of RNA.
define and enumerate genetic code.
list the macromolecules required for protein biosynthesis and describe their functions.
describe sequential assembly of polypeptide chains (direction, initiation, elongation and release).
explain the functions of polysomes and release of polypeptide from N-terminal end.
enumerate the antibiotics inhibiting protein biosynthesis.

Regulation of gene expression

explain operon model regulation in prokaryotes.
explain roles of histones, non-histones, gene amplification, retardation and cytoplasmic DNA.
explain the function of reverse transcriptase.
describe post transcriptional regulation and function of hormones in gene expression

Inborn errors of metabolism

describe general principles and patterns of inheritance.
list biochemical and molecular basis of single gene disorders.
list the disorders associated with defects in;
Structural protein
Receptor proteins
Enzymes
Proteins that regulate cell growth
list defects in multifactorial inheritance
list defects in single gene disorder in non- classical inheritance.
identify the importance of diagnostic methods to rule out different inborn errors of metabolisms;
List the methods used in molecular diagnosis of genetic disorders.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Students will be able to

describe me concept of cell injury; list the causes and various changes produced by such injury.
explain different types of tissue degeneration.
explain necrosis and apoptosis.
describe intracellular accumulation of lipids, proteins and pigments.
xplain pathological calcification.
define inflammation and enumerate the important causes of inflammation; explain the mechanism of inflammation; list the results of acute and chronic inflammation.
explain the mechanism of wound healing.
differentiate between healing by first intention and healing by second intention.
describe cellular adaptation of growth and differentiation.
describe thrombosis, its cause and mechanism
describe embolism and different types of emboli and effects of embolism
define ischemia and its types.
explain infarction and its types.
state the causes and types of shock; discuss the pathogenesis of different types of shock.
define edema and enumerate its types.
define neoplasia and its nomenclature.
state the predisposing factors of neoplasia.
describe carcinogens and genes related with cancer.
differentiate between benign and malignant neoplastic lesions.
describe metastasis and its mechanism.
describe the genetic disorders.
explain general features of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells,
define cytokines.
describe hypersensitivity reactions and its types, explain autoimmunity and its causes,
describe immunodeficiency diseases,
mention the etiology and pathogenesis of AIDS.
define autopsy pathology, surgical pathology, special stains, immunohistochemisty, electron microscopy, karyotyping, polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization.
define exfoliative cytopathology and fine needle aspiration cytopathology.

MICROBIOLOGY

Introduction to Microbiology

Students will be able to

describe history of Microbial diseases and Koch’s postulates classify microbes : Prokaryote, Eukaryote and Virus
describe microbial flora, Nosocomial infection, describe transmission of microorganisms, describe mechanism of pathogenesis
describe the process and importance of sterilization describe the process of disinfection and decontamination

Introduction to Bacteriology

Students will be able to

describe microscopy
describe Staining and their principles
describe bacterial morphology; bacterial spore
describe bacterial growth and their influencing factors; growth media describe bacterial toxins, bacteriocin
describe antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing
describe anaerobiosis and anaerobic culture

Introduction to Virology

Students will be able to

describe morphology and general properties of viruses including replication and pathogenesis
describe Viral classification and Bacteriophage
describe laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases, cytopathogenic effect, inclusion bodies, methods of animal inoculation and egg inoculation

Introduction to Parasitology (Medically important parasites)

Students will be able to

classify parasites
List Medically important parasites
describe laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infection

Introduction to Mycology

Students will be able to

classify medically important fungi
describe superficial mycoses
describe subcutaneous mycoses
describe systemic mycosis
describe methods of lab diagnosis : Fungal culture, KOH wet mount and Fungal stain

Introduction to Immunity and non specific immune system

Student will be able to

describe antigen and immunogenicitiy
classify immunoglobulins and describe their role in immunity
describe immune response : Humoral and Cellular
describe immunological techniques: method of bringing antigen-antibody reaction in vitro (serological diagnostic tests)

Introduction to Microbial genetics

Students will be able to

describe genetic materials
describe mutation and repair mechanism
describe gene transfer
describe genetic basis of pathogenicity
describe molecular diagnostic technique

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

Students will be able to

explain the definitions and terminology, mention different sources of drugs and describe the advantages and disadvantages of different routes of administration.
define pharmacokinetics and discuss the influence of disease on pharmacokinetics, usefulness and limitation of therapeutic drug monitoring.
describe different mechanisms by which drugs act and state the factors that modify drug effect.
describe different adverse drug reactions with an example: hypersensitivity, allergy, idiosyncracy, drug interactions, iatrogenic diseases, overdose, toxicity, pharmacogenetic based drug reactions.
define addiction; name addictive drugs and list the factors involved in the genesis of “drug dependence”, recognize withdrawal syndrome; write correct treatment for drug abuse and withdrawal syndrome when such problems are presented.
describe genetic disorders and their role in modifications of the actions of drugs, especially with primaquine, corticosteroids, diphenylhydantoin, succinycholine, nitrates, barbiturates, oestrogens, furazolidine.
outline the concept of essential drugs.
describe the steps of rational drug therapy and selection criteria of P drug.
get sensitized with the promotional activities of drug companies.

Chemotherapy

Students will be able to

define general principles of antibiotic therapy.
list commonly used sulfonamides; discuss their present status in therapy.
list the adverse reactions of sulfonamides.
point out the advantages of combining sulfonamides with trimethoprim.
describe antibiotic mainly effective against gram positive bacteria under following headings:
name, mechanism of action and special features,
therapeutic indications,
adverse reactions and their management.
describe antibiotics mainly effective against gram negative bacteria under following headings:
name, mechanism of action and special features,
therapeutic indications
adverse reactions and their management
antibiotics effective against pseudomonas.
describe broad spectrum antibiotics under following headings:
name, mechanism of action and special features.
therapeutic indications,
adverse reactions and their management
describe why broad spectrum antibiotics are called so?
list the drugs effective against anaerobes; mechanism of action and special features; therapeutic indications; adverse effects and their management,
describe the misuse of antibiotics.
describe chemotherapy of viral infections, including HIV/AIDS; describe the difficulties encountered in development of these drugs.
describe chemotherapy of malaria giving emphasis on:
the treatment of choice for acute attack of each Plasmodium.
the treatment of chloroquine-resistant cases of falciparum malaria.
the treatment of complications of falciparum malaria.
chemoprophylaxis of malaria. describe the drugs used for filariasis.
describe the drugs used in the treatment of Kala-azar.
List the drugs used in treatment of neoplastic diseases; mention general principles and adverse effects.