1. Physical chemistry
    2. 1. The solid state
    2. Language of Chemistry
    3. Gaseous and Liquid states
    4. Stoichiometry
    5. Solutions
    6. Structure of Atom
    7. Chemical equilibrium
    8. Nuclear chemistry (Radioactivity)
    9. Ionic equilibrium
    10. Chemical Bonding
    11. Chemical kinetics
    12. Concepts of Acids, Bases and Salts
    13. Surface catalysis and Colloids
    14. Redox reactions
    15. Chemical energetics
    16. Volumetric analysis
    17. Electrochemistry
  2. Inorganic chemistry
    3. 18. Introduction
    19. Periodic table
    20. Hydrogen and its compounds
    21. General aspects of Metallergy
    22. Alkali metals
    23. Alkaline metals
    24. Boron family
    25. Carbon family
    26. Nitrogen family
    27. Oxygen family
    28. Fluorine family
    29. Inert gases
    30. Transition metals
    31. Coordination compounds
    32. Analytical chemistry
  3. Organic chemistry
    4. 33. Purification and analysis of organic compounds
    34. Nomenclature of Organic compounds
    35. Reaction Mechanisms
    36. Hydrocarbons
    37. Haloalkanes (Alkyl halides)
    38. Alcohol, Phenol and Ether
    39. Aldehyde and Ketones
    40. Carboxylic acids
    41. Compounds conatining Nitrogen
    42. Polymers
    43. Chemistry in daily life
Organic chemistry
36. Hydrocarbons
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Basis
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Definition
Hydrocarbons with only C–C single bonds
Hydrocarbons with at least one C=C double bond
Hydrocarbons with at least one C≡C triple bond
Saturation
Saturated (contain maximum H atoms possible)
Unsaturated (contain fewer H atoms than alkanes)
Unsaturated (contain fewer H atoms than alkenes)
Other Name
Paraffins (less reactive)
Olefins
Acetylenes
General Formula
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
CₙH₂ₙ
CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
Bond Type
All sigma (σ) bonds
One sigma (σ) + one pi (π) in double bond
One sigma (σ) + two pi (π) in triple bond
Hybridization
sp³
sp² (at double bond carbons)
sp (at triple bond carbons)
Bond Angle
109°28′ (tetrahedral)
120° (trigonal planar)
180° (linear)
Structure
Tetrahedral
Planar around double bond
Linear around triple bond
Bond Length (approx.)
C–C: 1.54 Å
C–H: 1.112 Å
C=C: 1.34 Å
C–H: ~1.09 Å
C≡C: 1.20 Å
C–H: ~1.06 Å
Bond Energy (Kcal/mole)
C–C: 82.67
C–H: 98.67
C=C: ~146
C–H: ~99
C≡C: ~200
C–H: ~99
Reactivity
Least reactive (due to nonpolar C–H bonds & strong σ bonds)
More reactive than alkanes
Most reactive (triple bond easily participates in reactions)
Example
CH₄ (Methane), C₃H₈ (Propane)
C₂H₄ (Ethene), C₃H₆ (Propene)
C₂H₂ (Ethyne), C₃H₄ (Propyne)
ALKANES
▢ Introduction:
❖ Definition:
  1. Alkanes are hydrocarbons containing only carbon–carbon single bonds.
  2. They are saturated hydrocarbons since they have the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon.
❖ Comparison:
◉ Alkenes Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing fewer hydrogens than alkanes.
❖ Paraffins:
◉ Reason for inertness:
  1. Non-polar nature of C−H bonds
  2. Strong C−H and C−C sigma bonds
❖ Bonding:
◉ Hybridization: sp³
◉ Bond angle: 109°28′ (tetrahedral)
◉ Bond length:
◈ C−C: 1.54 Å
◈ C−H: 1.112 Å
◉ Bond energy:
◈ C−C: 82.67 kcal/mol
◈ C−H: 98.67 kcal/mol
❖ Formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ (n = 1, 2, 3 …)
❖ Isomerism:
◉ Types:
  1. Chain isomerism
  2. Position isomerism
  3. Functional isomerism
  4. Geometrical isomerism
  5. Optical isomerism
  6. Ring-chain isomerism
  7. Conformational isomerism
◉ Details:
◈ Chain: Starts from C4 in alkanes, C4 in alkenes, C5 in alkynes
◈ Position: Starts from C6 in alkanes, C4 in alkenes, C4 in alkynes
◈ Functional: Not in alkanes; from C3 in alkenes and alkynes
◈ Geometrical: From C4 in alkenes, C6 in alkynes
◈ Optical: From C7 in alkanes, C6 in alkenes and alkynes
◈ Ring chain: From C3 in alkenes and alkynes
◈ Conformational: From C2 in alkanes
❖ Sources:
◉ Petroleum: Contains liquid hydrocarbons (up to 40 carbons) + solid paraffin wax.
◉ Natural gas: Contains ~80% methane, 10% ethane, and 10% higher alkanes, plus small gases (H₂, N₂, CO₂).
◉ Methane: Also called marsh gas (fire damp), found in marshy areas.
◉ Coal gas: Contains ~32% methane.
▢ Methods of Preparation:
❖ Reduction:
◉ Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
◈ Catalytic reduction:
  1. Hydrogenation with Ni, Pd, or Pt (Sabatier-Senderens reaction at 200–300°C).
  2. Hydrogenation with Raney Ni at room temperature.
  3. Alkynes to alkenes by Lindlar's catalyst (Pd/BaSO₄ poisoned with quinoline).
◈ Nascent hydrogen: LiAlH₄ reduces alkyl halides, not alkenes/alkynes.
◉ Alkyl halides: Reduced to alkanes with HI + Red P.
◉ Alcohols Aldehydes Ketones Acids AcidChlorides: Reduced with HI + Red P to alkanes.
◉ Aldehydes Ketones:
◈ Clemmensen reduction: Zn–Hg in conc. HCl
◈ Wolff Kishner reduction: NH₂–NH₂ + KOH
❖ Wurtz reaction:
◉ Equation: 2 R−X + 2 Na → R−R + 2 NaX (in dry ether)
◉ Notes:
  1. Methane cannot be obtained.
  2. Mixtures of alkyl halides give 3 alkanes (difficult separation).
  3. Tertiary alkyl halides undergo elimination (alkenes).
  4. Bromo and iodoalkanes preferred.
◉ Mechanism:
  1. Free radical (most accepted)
  2. Carbanion (ionic)
❖ Frankland reaction: Similar to Wurtz but with Zn instead of Na.
❖ Grignard reagent: RMgX hydrolyzed to give alkanes.
❖ Corey House synthesis:
◉ Equation: R−X → R−Li → R₂CuLi (Gilman’s reagent) + R′−X → R−R′
◉ Advantage: Prepares both symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkanes.
❖ Decarboxylation:
◉ Soda lime method: R−COONa + NaOH → R−H + Na₂CO₃ (with CaO).
◉ Notes:
  1. NaOH is hygroscopic, so CaO is used.
  2. Rate ∝ stability of carbanion: CH₃CH₂COOH > (CH₃)₂CHCOOH > (CH₃)₃CCOOH.
  3. Yields good for lower members.
❖ Kolbe electrolysis:
◉ Reaction: 2 RCOONa → R−R + 2 CO₂ + H₂
◉ Notes:
  1. Methane cannot be obtained.
  2. Only symmetrical alkanes formed.
  3. Solution becomes basic due to NaOH.
❖ Hydrolysis of Carbides:
  1. Be₂C + H₂O → CH₄ + Be(OH)₂
  2. Al₄C₃ + H₂O → CH₄ + Al(OH)₃
  3. CaC₂ + H₂O → C₂H₂ (Wöhler’s method)
▢ Properties:
❖ Physical:
◉ State:
◈ Alkanes:
■ C1–C4: Gases
■ C5–C17: Liquids
■ C18+: Waxy solids
◈ Alkenes:
■ C2–C4: Gases
■ C5–C18: Liquids
■ C19+: Solids
◈ Alkynes:
■ C2–C4: Gases
■ C5–C12: Liquids
■ C13+: Solids
◉ Solubility: Alkanes are non-polar; soluble in non-polar solvents (CCl₄), insoluble in water.
◉ Boiling point:
◈ Factors:
  1. Proportional to mol. weight and surface area
  2. Decreases with branching
◈ Order:
  1. n-pentane > isopentane > neopentane
◈ Example question: Minimum B.P.: isooctane < 2,3-dimethylhexane < 2-methylheptane < n-octane
◉ Melting point:
◈ Variation: Irregular, shows alternation effect.
◈ Reason: Even C atoms pack better in crystal lattice → higher m.p.
❖ Chemical:
◉ General reactivity:
  1. Alkanes are chemically inert due to strong non-polar C–H and C–C bonds.
  2. Alkenes and alkynes more reactive due to π bonds.
1. On reaction with Baeyer's reagent, ethylene and acetylene form [IOM 2006]

[2006]

  • Formic acid and acetic acid
  • Oxalic acid and ethylene glycol
  • Ethylene glycol and oxalic acid
  • Acetic acid and formic acid
2. The compound B formed in the reaction in the following sequence of reaction is [IOM 2005] CH₃CH₂CH₂OH →(PCl₅) A →(Alk. NaOH) B

[2005]

  • Propane
  • Propanal
  • Propene
  • Propyne
3. Identify Z in the following reaction [IOM 2004] C₂H₅Cl →(Alc. KOH) X →(Br₂) Y →(KCN) Z

[2004]

  • CH₃CH₂CN
  • NCCH₂CH₂CN
  • BrCH₂CH₂CN
  • BrCH=CHCN
4. Ethylene and acetylene can be separated by [IOM 2003]

[2003]

  • Ammoniacal AgNO₃
  • Alkaline KMnO₄
  • Fehling's solution
  • Tollen's reagent
5. Cracking of hydrocarbon is the process in which [IOM 2003]

[2003]

  • Lower boiling hydrocarbons are changed into higher boiling hydrocarbons
  • Higher boiling hydrocarbons are changed into lower boiling hydrocarbons by the application of heat
  • Production of petroleum from crude oil
  • Separation of small hydrocarbon from their mixture
6. The gas obtained by adding water on aluminum carbide is [MOE - Curriculum/IOE]
  • Ethyne
  • Ethane
  • Methane
  • Ethene
7. A metallic carbide on reaction with water gives a hydrocarbon which readily burns in oxygen and it gives Tollen's test, the hydrocarbon is [MOE 2061]

[2061]

  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Ethene
  • Ethyne
8. The reaction CH₃Br + C₆H₅Br →(Na/ether) CH₃–C₆H₅ + 2NaBr is called [MOE 2062]

[2062]

  • Wurtz's reaction
  • Wurtz-Fittig's reaction
  • Sandmeyer's reaction
  • Friedel-Craft's reaction
9. A mixture of methane, ethylene and acetylene is passed through ammoniacal Cu₂Cl₂ solution in a tube. Then the mixture of gases coming out of the tube is [MOE 2056]

[2056]

  • Methane and acetylene
  • Methane and ethylene
  • Ethylene and acetylene
  • Acetylene
10. The catalytic oxidation of ethylene using silver catalyst produces [IOE]
  • Formaldehyde
  • Glyoxal
  • Ethylene glycol
  • Epoxyethane
11. Ethyne with Baeyer's reagent gives out
  • Formic acid
  • Oxalic acid
  • Acetaldehyde
  • Thiopentene
12. Markownikoff's rule governs the addition of [IOE]
  • Unsymmetrical reagent to symmetrical alkenes
  • Symmetrical reagent to unsymmetrical alkenes
  • Unsymmetrical reagent to unsymmetrical alkenes
  • Symmetrical reagent to symmetrical alkenes
13. Which of the following has more acidic character [IOM]
  • Methane
  • Ethylene
  • Acetylene
  • Ethane
14. Formaldehyde is obtained from ethylene by [IOM]
  • Oxidation by KMnO₄
  • Oxidation by HNO₃
  • Ozonolysis
  • Oxidation with air using Ag-catalyst
15. Major constituent of Marsh gas is [IOE]
  • C₂H₂
  • CH₄
  • H₂S
  • CO
16. A compound on ozonolysis forms two molecules of HCHO, the compound is [IOM]
  • C₂H₄
  • C₂H₂
  • C₂H₆
  • C₆H₆
17. Alkanes are represented by general formula [MOE/IOE]
  • CₙH₂ₙ
  • CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
  • CₙH₂ₙ₋₁
  • CₙHₙ₊₁
18. The number of isomers of C₆H₁₄ is [IOE, MOE]
  • 6
  • 7
  • 5
  • 4
19. Propane on strong heating will yield [IOE]
  • 2 Molecules of CH₄
  • Ethane and methane
  • Methane and ethane
  • Methane and ethene
20. Ethyl chloride is heated in presence of alcoholic KOH. The product is [IOE]
  • Butane
  • Ethyne
  • Acetylene
  • Ethylene
21. Which of the following is formed when acetylene is passed through hot Fe tube [MOE]
  • Ethylene
  • Benzene
  • Ethane
  • Cyclohexane
22. Hydrolysis of calcium carbide yields [BPKIHS/IOE]
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Ethyne
  • Acetic acid
23. The compound which will give acetaldehyde on ozonolysis is [MOE 2065]

[2065]

  • 1-butene
  • 2-butene
  • Ethene
  • Propane
24. Alkene and alkyne can be distinguished from each other by [MOE 2008]

[2008]

  • Alkaline KMnO₄
  • Br₂ in CCl₄
  • Ammoniacal cuprous chloride
  • Acidic KMnO₄
25. Acetylene contains [IOM 2008]

[2008]

  • 3σ and 2π bonds
  • 4σ and 1π bond
  • 2σ and 4π bonds
  • σ bonds only
26. In greenhouse effect methane causes [IOM 2009]

[2009]

  • Absorption of heat
  • Reflection of heat
  • Destroy greenhouse
  • None
ADDITIONAL QUESTINS
1. Successive alkanes differ by
  • CH₄
  • CH₃
  • CH₂
  • CH
2. The shape of methane molecule is
  • linear
  • trigonal planar
  • square planar
  • tetrahedron
3. Pure methane can be produced by
  • Wurtz reaction
  • Kolbe's electrolytic method
  • Soda-lime decarboxylation
  • Reduction with H₂
4. Both methane and ethane may be obtained in one step reaction from
  • CH₃HA
  • CH₃I
  • CH₃OH
  • CH₄OH
5. During preparation of ethane by Kolbe's electrolytic method using inert electrodes, the pH of the electrolyte
  • increases progressively
  • decreases progressively
  • remains constant
  • may decrease if electrolyte concentration is low
6. Most appropriate method for manufacture of methane
  • Reduction of CH₃Cl
  • Wurtz reaction
  • Liquefaction of natural gas
  • None of the above
7. Which liberates methane gas on treatment with water?
  • Silicon carbide
  • Calcium carbide
  • Aluminium carbide
  • Iron carbide
8. Soda lime is used extensively in decarboxylation reaction to obtain alkanes. Soda lime is
  • NaOH
  • NaOH + CaO
  • CaO
  • Na₂CO₃
9. Which cannot be prepared by Wurtz reaction?
  • CH₄
  • C₂H₆
  • C₃H₈
  • C₁₀H₂₂
10. Methyl bromide when heated with zinc in closed tube produces
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Ethylene
  • Methanol
11. Wurtz reaction using bromoethane yields
  • 2-Bromobutane
  • n-Butane
  • Iso-butane
  • Ethane
12. Among the following hydrocarbons, the one having lowest boiling point is
  • n-Hexane
  • n-Pentane
  • Isopentane
  • Neopentane
13. Photochemical chlorination of alkane is initiated by
  • Pyrolysis
  • Substitution
  • Homolysis
  • Peroxidation
14. Halogenation of alkanes is an example of
  • Electrophilic substitution
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • Free radical substitution
  • Oxidation
15. Carbon black, used in printer's ink, is obtained by decomposition of
  • Acetylene
  • Benzene
  • Carbon tetrachloride
  • Methane
16. Marsh gas mainly contains
  • CH₄
  • CH₂
  • H₂S
  • CO
17. Household gaseous fuel (LPG) mainly contains
  • CH₄
  • C₂H₂
  • C₃H₈
  • CH₁₀
18. General formula for alkenes is
  • CₙH₂ₙ
  • CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
  • CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
  • CₙHₙ
19. Which has the smallest heat of hydrogenation per mole?
  • 1-Butene
  • trans-2-Butene
  • cis-2-Butene
  • 1,3-Butadiene
20. Ethylene is formed by dehydration of
  • CH₃CH₂OH
  • C₂H₅OH
  • Propyl alcohol
  • Ethyl acetate
21. Ethyl bromide on treatment with aqueous KOH gives
  • Ethane
  • Ethylene
  • Ethyl alcohol
  • None of these
22. Bromoethane on treatment with alcoholic KOH gives
  • Ethyl alcohol
  • Butane
  • Methane
  • Ethylene
23. Chlorobutane on reaction with alcoholic potash gives
  • 1-Butene
  • 1-Butanol
  • 2-Butene
  • 2-Butanol
24. Alcoholic solution of KOH is used for
  • Dehydrogenation
  • Dehalogenation
  • Dehydration
  • Dehydrohalogenation
25. When ethyl alcohol is heated with conc. H₂SO₄ at 443K, ethylene is formed by
  • Intramolecular hydration
  • Intermolecular hydration
  • Intermolecular dehydration
  • Intramolecular dehydration
26. Ethylene readily undergoes
  • Addition
  • Substitution
  • Elimination
  • Rearrangement
27. 1,3-Butadiene when treated with Br₂ gives
  • 1,4-Dibromo-2-butene
  • 1,3-Dibromo-1-butene
  • 3,4-Dibromo-2-butene
  • 2,3-Dibromo-2-butene
28. CH₃CHCH₃ + HBr -> CH₃CHBrCH₃ is a type of
  • Electrophilic addition
  • Nucleophilic addition
  • Free radical addition
  • Electrophilic substitution
29. CH₃CH=CH₂ + HBr gives
  • CH₃CH₂CH₂Br
  • CH₃CHBrCH₃
  • BrCH₂CH=CH₂
  • CH₂=C=CH₂
30. I-butene subjected to HBr in presence of peroxide gives
  • 1-Bromobutane
  • 2-Bromobutane
  • 1,1-Dibromobutane
  • 1,2-Dibromobutane
31. To CH₂=CH-CH₃, hydrogen bromide is added in presence of peroxides, the resultant is
  • CH₃-CHBr-CH₃
  • CH₃CH₂CH₂Br
  • CH₂CH-CH₂Br
  • None of these
32. The addition of HBr is easiest with
  • CH₃CHCl
  • ClCH₂CHCl
  • CH₃CH-CH₂
  • (CH₃)₂C=CH₂
33. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of reactivity towards the addition of HBr: RCH=CHR, CH₂=CH₂, R₂C=CHR, R₂C=CR₂
  • CH₂=CH₂ < RCH=CHR < R₂C=CHR < R₂C=CR₂
  • R₂C-CHR < RCH=CHR < CH₂=CH₂ < R₂C=CR₂
  • RCH=CHR < R₂C=CR₂ < R₂C=CHR < CH₂=CH₂
  • R₂C=CR₂ < R₂C=CHR < RCH=CHR < CH₂=CH₂
34. When HCl is passed through propene in presence of benzoyl peroxide, it gives
  • n-Propyl chloride
  • 2-Chloropropane
  • Allyl chloride
  • No reaction
35. Position of double bond in alkenes can be identified by
  • Bromine water
  • Ammonical silver nitrate solution
  • Ozonolysis
  • None of the above
36. Ozonolysis of 1,3-butadiene gives
  • Mixture of an aldehyde and a ketone
  • Mixture of an aldehyde and an acid
  • Only aldehydes
  • Only ketones
37. The presence of unsaturation in an organic compound can be tested with
  • Schiff's reagent
  • Tollen's reagent
  • Fehling solution
  • Bayer's reagent
38. Baeyer's reagent is used in the laboratory for
  • Detection of double bonds
  • Detection of glucose
  • Reduction
  • Oxidation
39. Baeyer's reagent is
  • Alkaline permanganate solution
  • Acidified permanganate solution
  • Neutral permanganate solution
  • Aqueous bromine solution
40. Ethylene reacts with alkaline KMnO₄ to form
  • Oxalic acid
  • HCHO
  • Ethyl alcohol
  • Glycol
41. The compound B formed in the following sequence is: CH₃CH₂CH₂OH → PCl₃ → aq. KOH
  • Propylene
  • Propyne
  • Propane
  • Propanol
42. General formula of alkynes is
  • CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
  • CₙH₂ₙ
  • CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
  • CₙHₙ
43. Which will react with sodium metal?
  • Ether
  • Ethyne
  • Ethene
  • Ethane
44. When acetylene is passed through dil. H₂SO₄ in presence of HgSO₄, the compound formed is
  • CH₃OH
  • Acetone
  • Acetic acid
  • Acetaldehyde
45. When 2-pentyne is treated with dil. H₂SO₄ and HgSO₄, the product formed is
  • 1-Pentanol
  • 2-Pentanol
  • 2-Pentanone
  • 3-Pentanone
46. Propyne and propene can be distinguished by
  • Conc. H₂SO₄
  • Br₂ in CCl₄
  • Dil. KMnO₄
  • AgNO₃ in ammonia
47. Which of the following reagents can be used to distinguish 1-butyne and 2-butyne?
  • Baeyer's reagent
  • Dil. H₂SO₄ + HgSO₄
  • Bromine in CCl₄
  • Ammonical cuprous chloride
48. Acetylene reacts with ammonical silver nitrate to form
  • Silver mirror
  • Metallic silver
  • Silver acetate
  • Silver acetylide
49. In its reaction with silver nitrate, acetylene shows
  • Oxidising property
  • Reducing property
  • Basic property
  • Acidic property
50. Alkaline KMnO₄ will oxidise acetylene to
  • Ethylene glycol
  • Ethyl alcohol
  • Oxalic acid
  • Acetic acid
51. When acetylene reacts with arsenic trichloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl₃, it produces
  • B-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine
  • Lewisite
  • Nitrobenzene
  • Both (a) and (b)
52. Propyne on polymerization gives
  • Mesitylene
  • Benzene
  • Ethylbenzene
  • Propylbenzene
53. Which of the following is a hydrocarbon?
  • Urea
  • Benzene
  • Ammonium cyanate
  • Phenol
54. Coal tar is main source of
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Aliphatic compounds
  • Cycloalkanes
  • Heterocyclic compounds
55. Which is not obtained by fractionation of coal tar?
  • Light oil
  • Heavy oil
  • Middle oil
  • Vegetable oil
56. The number of sigma and pi-bonds in a molecule of benzene is
  • 60 and 97
  • 90 and 3
  • 120 and 3
  • 60 and 67
57. Heating a mixture of sodium benzoate and soda lime gives
  • Toluene
  • Phenol
  • Benzene
  • Sodium benzoate
58. Most common reactions of benzene and its derivatives are
  • Electrophilic addition
  • Electrophilic substitution
  • Nucleophilic addition
  • Nucleophilic substitution
59. Nitration of benzene by nitric and sulphuric acid is
  • Electrophilic substitution
  • Electrophilic addition
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • Free radical substitution
60. Benzene is converted to toluene by
  • Friedel-Crafts reaction
  • Grignard reaction
  • Wurtz reaction
  • Perkin reaction
61. Benzene reacts with Cl₂ in sunlight to give
  • CCl₄
  • C₆H₅Cl
  • C₆H₆Cl₂
  • CCl₂
62. Gammexene is
  • D.D.T.
  • Benzene hexachloride
  • Chloral
  • Hexachloroethane
63. The reaction of benzene with chlorine in presence of FeCl₃ gives
  • Benzene hexachloride
  • Chlorobenzene
  • Benzyl chloride
  • Benzoyl chloride
64. Attacking species in nitration of benzene is
  • NO₂⁺
  • NO₂
  • NO₃⁻
  • HNO₃
65. In Friedel-Crafts alkylation besides AlCl₃, the other reactants are
  • C₆H₆ + NH₃
  • C₆H₆ + CH₃Cl
  • C₆H₆ + CH₃COCl
  • C₆H₆ + CH₃I
66. In Friedel-Crafts reaction, electrophilic reagent is
  • AlCl₃
  • RCO
  • RCOCl
  • None of these
67. The compound most reactive towards electrophilic nitration is
  • Toluene
  • Benzene
  • Benzoic acid
  • Nitrobenzene
68. Which of the following is not a m-directing group?
  • -SO₃H
  • -NO₂
  • -CN
  • -NH₂
69. Nitration of toluene takes place at
  • o-position
  • m-position
  • p-position
  • Both o- and p-positions
70. Petroleum consists mainly of
  • Aliphatic hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons
  • Aliphatic alcohols
  • None of the above
71. Petroleum is a mixture mainly of
  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
  • Alkyl halides
72. The first product obtained during fractional distillation of petroleum is
  • Petroleum ether
  • Kerosene
  • Diesel
  • Heavy oil
73. Natural gas is composed primarily of
  • Methane
  • n-Butane
  • n-Octane
  • Mixture of octanes
74. The process in which higher hydrocarbons are broken down into lower hydrocarbons by controlled pyrolysis is called
  • Hydrolysis
  • Cracking
  • Oxidation
  • Reduction
75. Fischer-Tropsch process is used in manufacture of
  • Synthetic petrol
  • Benzene
  • Ethanol
  • Ethanoic acid
76. Which has highest knocking?
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons
  • Olefins
  • Branched chain paraffins
  • Straight chain paraffins
77. The octane number has 0 value for
  • Iso-octane
  • n-octane
  • n-heptane
  • TEL
78. Lead tetraethyl is used as
  • Fire extinguisher
  • Pain killer
  • Petroleum additive
  • Mosquito repellent
79. Which of the following substances is used as an antiknock compound?
  • TEL
  • Lead acetate
  • Ethyl acetate
  • All of these
80. The attacking species in aromatic sulphonation is
  • SO₃
  • H₂SO₄
  • HSO₃⁻
  • SO₃⁺
81. The reactive species in nitration of benzene is
  • NO⁺
  • NO₂
  • NO₃⁻
  • HNO₃
82. In chlorination of benzene, the real chlorinating agent is
  • Br⁺
  • Cl⁺
  • Cl₂
  • HCl
83. Benzene reacts with n-propyl chloride in anhydrous AlCl₃ to give predominantly
  • n-Propylbenzene
  • Isopropylbenzene
  • 3-Propyl-1-chlorobenzene
  • No reaction
84. m-Butylbenzene on oxidation will give
  • Benzoic acid
  • Butanoic acid
  • Benzyl alcohol
  • Benzaldehyde
85. Toluene can be oxidised to benzoic acid by
  • Acidic KMnO₄
  • Acidic K₂Cr₂O₇
  • Any of these
  • None of these
86. The product of the following reaction is C₆H₅Cl + Cl₂ → ?
  • o-C₆H₄Cl₂
  • p-C₆H₄Cl₂
  • m-C₆H₄Cl₂
  • C₆H₅Cl
87. Constituent of light oil is
  • Benzene
  • Phenol
  • Aniline
  • Anthracene
88. Benzene is obtained by fractional distillation of
  • Heavy oil
  • Middle oil
  • Anthracene oil
  • Light oil
89. Identify the correct order of reactivity in electrophilic substitution reactions of the following compounds
  • 1>2>3>4
  • 4>3>2>1
  • 2>1>3>4
  • 2>3>1>4
90. Which of the following yields both alkane and alkene?
  • Kolbe's reaction
  • Williamson's synthesis
  • Wurtz reaction
  • None of these
91. Complete combustion of CH₄ gives
  • CO + H₂
  • CO + N₂
  • CO + N₂O
  • CO₂ + H₂O
92. Which of the compounds with molecular formula C₅H₁₀ yields acetone on ozonolysis?
  • 2-Methyl-1-butene
  • 2-Methyl-2-butene
  • 3-Methyl-1-butene
  • Cyclopentene
93. Natural gas mainly consists of
  • Methane
  • Butane
  • Propane
  • Ethane + Octane
94. Presence of a nitro group in a benzene ring
  • Deactivates the ring towards electrophilic substitution
  • Activates the ring towards electrophilic substitution
  • Renders the ring basic
  • Deactivates the ring towards nucleophilic substitution
95. Reduction of 2-butyne with Na in liquid NH₃ gives predominantly
  • n-Butane
  • Trans-2-butene
  • Cis-2-butene
  • No reaction
96. Propene reacts with HI in presence of peroxide to give
  • 1-Iodopropane
  • 2-Iodopropane
  • 1,2-Diiodopropane
  • None
97. When 2-butyne is treated with H₂SO₄/HgSO₄, the product is
  • 1-Butanol
  • 2-Butanol
  • Butanone
  • Butanoic acid
98. CH₃C≡CCH₂CH₃ → O₃ → Hydrolysis; X is
  • CH₃CHO + CH₃CH₂CHO
  • CH₃COOH + CH₃COCH₃
  • CH₃COOH + HOOCCH₂CH₃
  • CH₃COOH + CO₂
99. Beryllium carbide on hydrolysis yields
  • Methane
  • Ethene
  • Ethyne
  • Acetic acid
100. Methyl magnesium bromide reacts with ethyl alcohol to form
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
101. Which is produced from salt? (Note: CaC₂ is a salt but Al₄C₃/Be₂C are not salts)
  • Alkene
  • Alkyne
  • Alkane
  • All of these