1. Anatomy
  2. Physiology
  3. Pathology
  4. Pharmacology
  5. Microbiology
    6. 1. Contribution of microbiolgy to medical science
    2. Normal microbial flora
    3. Material in aerospace
  6. Biochemistry
Microbiology
2. Normal microbial flora
NORMAL_FLORA_HABITATS
skin
organisms
propionibacterium_acnes_sn
  1. Common inhabitants of the skin especially face which causes acne.
    2. ● image:
      ➢ data:
      ⬦ attributes:
      ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Propionibacterium_acnes.jpg/1920px-Propionibacterium_acnes.jpg
      ○ width: 200
      ○ caption: Propionibacterium acne
staphylococcus_epidermidis_sn
  1. Commonest bacterial colonizer which causes infection via insertion of IV catheters.
    2. ● image:
      ➢ data:
      ⬦ attributes:
      ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Staphylococcus_epidermidis_01.png
      ○ width: 200
      ○ caption: Staphylococcus epidermidis
common_sites
  1. Axilla
  2. Groin
  3. Web spaces
urogenital_tract
vagina
lactobacillus_sn
image
    ⟣ data:
    ➢ attributes:
    ⬦ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Lactobacillus_sp_01.png
    ⬦ width: 200
    ⬦ caption: Lactobacillus
protection_against
  1. Staphylococcus epidermidis
  2. Neisseria specis
  3. Streptococcus agalactiae
anterior_urethra
proteus
    ● image:
      ➢ data:
      ⬦ attributes:
      ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/ElectronMicrographProteusPenneri.png
      ○ width: 200
      ○ caption: Proteus penneri
e._coli_sn
streptococcus_viridans_sn
staphylococcus_epidermidis_sn
gastrointestinal_tract
stomach
helicobacter_pylori_sn
  1. Stomach has high acidic pH, however Helicobacter pylori survive there.
    2. ● image:
      ➢ data:
      ⬦ attributes:
      ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/EMpylori.jpg
      ○ width: 200
      ○ caption: Helicobacter pylori
large_intestine
bacteroids_sn
    bifidobacterium_sn
    1. It is known as Probiotics.
      2. ● image:
        ➢ data:
        ⬦ attributes:
        ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Bifidobacterium_adolescentis_Gram.jpg
        ○ width: 200
        ○ caption: Bifidobacterium
    clostridium_difficle
    1. It is known as Super bug.
    2. It is cause of severe diarrhea-associated colitis called
      Pseudomembranous colitis
      3. ● image:
        ➢ data:
        ⬦ attributes:
        ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Clostridium_difficile_01.jpg
        ○ width: 200
        ○ caption: Clostridium difficle
    small_intestine
    e._coli_sn
      ● image:
        ➢ data:
        ⬦ attributes:
        ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg
        ○ width: 200
        ○ caption: E. coli
    bacteroids_sn
      ● image:
        ➢ data:
        ⬦ attributes:
        ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Bacteroides_biacutis_01.jpg
        ○ width: 200
        ○ caption: Bacteriods
    enterococcus_faecalis_sn
      ● image:
        ➢ data:
        ⬦ attributes:
        ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Enterococcus_faecalis20023-300.jpg
        ○ width: 200
        ○ caption: Enterococcus faecalis
    oral_cavity_and_upper_respiratory_tract
    nose
    staphylococcus_aureus_sn
    1. Mainly found in hospital staff
    2. Major cause of surgical wounds.
      3. ● image:
        ➢ data:
        ⬦ attributes:
        ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Staphylococcus_aureus_VISA_2.jpg
        ○ width: 200
        ○ caption: Staphylococcus aureus
    pharynx
    neisseria_sn
    1. Neisseria species colonize the pharynx.
      2. ● image:
        ➢ data:
        ⬦ attributes:
        ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_with_pus_cells.jpg/1024px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_with_pus_cells.jpg
        ○ width: 200
        ○ caption: Neisseria gonorrhoea
    teeth_cavities
    streptococcus_mutans_sn
    1. Found on the surface of teeth cavities.
      2. ● image:
        ➢ data:
        ⬦ attributes:
        ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Streptococcus_mutans_01.jpg
        ○ width: 200
        ○ caption: Streptococcus mutans
    mouth_and_throat
    streptococcus_pneumoniae_sn
    1. It is the major cause of bacterial pneumonia.
      2. ● image:
        ➢ data:
        ⬦ attributes:
        ○ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Pneumococcus_CDC_PHIL_ID1003.jpg
        ○ width: 200
        ○ caption: Streptococcus pneumoniae
    ADVANTAGES_AND_DISADVANTAGES_OF_NORMAL_FLORA
    AdvantagesDisadvantages
    Prevents colonization by pathogens.Can act as opportunistic pathogens.
    Secretes vitamin K and B12.Gain access to Axenic tissues (non-contaminated)
    Stimulate antibody-mediated immune responseCan share nutrients and drug resistance with pathogens
    Inhibit and kill pathogens by production of enzymes (eg. perodixes, bacteriocins)May be a source of infections to other individuals