1. General Pathology
    2. 1. The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease
    2. Cellular Response to Stress and Toxic Insults
    3. Inflammation and Repair
    4. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock
    5. Genetic Disorders
    6. Diseases of the Immune System
    7. Neoplasia
    8. Infectious Diseases
    9. Environmental and Nutritional Diseases
    10. Diseases of Infancy and Childhood
  2. Systemic Pathology: Diseases of Organ Systems
    3. 11. Blood vessels
    12. The Heart
    13. Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus
    14. Red Blood Cell and Bleeding Disorders
    15. The Lung
    16. Head and Neck
    17. The Gastrointestinal Tract
    18. Liver and Gallbladder
    19. The Pancreas
    20. The Kidney
    21. The Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genital System
    22. The Female Genital Tract
    23. The Breast
    24. The Endocrine System
    25. The Skin
    26. Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissue Tumors
    27. Peripheral Nerves and Skeletal Muscles
    28. The Central Nervous System
    29. The Eye
General Pathology
7. Neoplasia
NEOPLASIA
Nomenclature
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms
Differentiation and Anaplasia
Local Invasion
Metastasis
Pathways of Spread
Epidemiology of Cancer
The Global Impact of Cancer
Environmental Factors
Age
Acquired Predisposing Conditions
Genetic Predisposition and Interactions Between Environmental and Inherited Factors
▢ Tumor suppresssor gene:
❖ RB gene:
❖ p53 gene:
❖ NF-1 and NF-2 gene:
Molecular Basis of Cancer: Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations
Cellular and Molecular Hallmarks of Cancer
Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals: Oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes, Oncogenes, and Oncoproteins
Insensitivity to Growth Inhibition: Tumor Suppressor Genes
Growth-Promoting Metabolic Alterations: The Warburg Effect
Evasion of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis)
Limitless Replicative Potential: The Stem Cell–Like Properties of Cancer Cells
Angiogenesis
Invasion and Metastasis
Invasion of Extracellular Matrix
Vascular Dissemination and Homing of Tumor Cells
Molecular Genetics of Metastasis Development
Role of Stromal Elements in Metastasis
Evasion of Host Defense
Tumor Antigens
Antitumor Effector Mechanisms
Immune Surveillance and Escape
Genomic Instability
Cancer-Enabling Inflammation
Dysregulation of Cancer-Associated Genes
Chromosomal Changes
Epigenetic Changes
Noncoding RNAs and Cancer
Molecular Basis of Multistep Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenic Agents and Their Cellular Interactions
Steps Involved in Chemical Carcinogenesis
Direct-Acting Carcinogens
Indirect-Acting Carcinogens
Promotion of Chemical Carcinogenesis
Radiation Carcinogenesis
Ultraviolet Rays
Ionizing Radiation
Microbial Carcinogenesis
Oncogenic RNA Viruses
Oncogenic DNA Viruses
Helicobacter pylori
Clinical Aspects of Neoplasia
Grading and Staging of Tumors
Laboratory Diagnosis of Cancer
Molecular Profiles of Tumors: The Future of Cancer Diagnostics
Tumor Markers