1. General Pathology
    2. 1. The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease
    2. Cellular Response to Stress and Toxic Insults
    3. Inflammation and Repair
    4. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock
    5. Genetic Disorders
    6. Diseases of the Immune System
    7. Neoplasia
    8. Infectious Diseases
    9. Environmental and Nutritional Diseases
    10. Diseases of Infancy and Childhood
  2. Systemic Pathology: Diseases of Organ Systems
    3. 11. Blood vessels
    12. The Heart
    13. Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus
    14. Red Blood Cell and Bleeding Disorders
    15. The Lung
    16. Head and Neck
    17. The Gastrointestinal Tract
    18. Liver and Gallbladder
    19. The Pancreas
    20. The Kidney
    21. The Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genital System
    22. The Female Genital Tract
    23. The Breast
    24. The Endocrine System
    25. The Skin
    26. Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissue Tumors
    27. Peripheral Nerves and Skeletal Muscles
    28. The Central Nervous System
    29. The Eye
General Pathology
6. Diseases of the Immune System
THE NORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
Innate Immunity
Components of Innate Immunity
▢ Epithelial barrier:
❖ Locations:
  1. Epithelia of the skin.
  2. Epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract.
  3. Epithelia of the respiratory tract.
❖ Functions:
  1. Provides mechanical barriers to the entry of microbes from the external environment.
  2. Produces antimicrobial molecules like
    1. Defensins
    2. Lymphocytes
▢ Monocytes:
  1. Phagocytes of the blood.
▢ Neutrophils:
  1. Phagocytes of the blood.
  2. Monocytes that enter the tissues and mature are called Macrophages.
    3. ◉ Macrophages:
    1. All tissues have resident macrophages.
      1. Brain → Microglia
      2. Skin → Dendritic cells/ Langerhans' cells
      3. Connective tissue → Histiocytes
      4. Cartilage → Condrocytes
      5. Bone → Osteocytes
      6. Thymus → Hassal's corpuscles
      7. Lungs → Dust cells
      8. Liver → Kuffer cells
      9. Spleen → Sinusoidal cells
      10. Kidney → Messangial cells
▢ Dendritic cells:
❖ Locations:
  1. Epithelia
  2. Lymphoid organs
  3. Most tissues
❖ Functions:
◉ Antigen presenting function: They capture protein antigens and display peptides for recognition by T lymphoctes.
◉ Cytokine secretion: They are endowed with a rich collection of receptors that sense microbes and cell damage and stimulate the secretion of cytokines.
▢ Natural killer cells: They provide early protection against many viruses and intracellular bacteria.
▢ Mast cells:
▢ Innate lymphoid cells:
▢ Proteins of the complement system:
▢ Mannose-binding lectin:
▢ C-reactive protein:
Cellular Receptors for Microbes, Products of Damaged Cells, and Foreign Substances
▢ Pathogen-associated molecular patterns:
▢ Damage-associated molecular patterns:
Actions of Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Cells of the Immune System
Lymphocyte Diversity
T Lymphocytes
Helper T lymphocytes
  1. Stimulates B lymphocytes to make antibodies and
  2. Activate other leukocytes (e.g., phagocytes) to destroy microbes.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
  1. Kill infected cells
Regulatory T lymphocytes
  1. Limit immune responses and prevent reactions against self antigens.
B Lymphocytes
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells
Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)
Tissues of the Immune System
Generative Lymphoid Organs
Peripheral Lymphoid Organs
Lymphocyte Recirculation
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules: The Peptide Display System of Adaptive Immunity
Cytokines: Messenger Molecules of the Immune System
Overview of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Responses
Display and Recognition of Antigens
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Humoral Immunity
HYPERSENSITIVITY: IMMUNOLOGICALLY MEDIATED TISSUE INJURY
Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions
Immediate (Type I) Hypersensitivity
Activation of TH2 Cells and Production of IgE Antibody
Sensitization and Activation of Mast Cells
Mediators of Immediate Hypersensitivity
Late-Phase Reaction
Development of Allergies
Systemic Anaphylaxis
Local Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions
Antibody-Mediated (Type II) Hypersensitivity
Opsonization and Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Cellular Dysfunction
Immune Complex–Mediated (Type III) Hypersensitivity
Systemic Immune Complex Disease
Local Immune Complex Disease (Arthus Reaction)
T Cell–Mediated (Type IV) Hypersensitivity
CD4+ T Cell–Mediated Inflammation
CD8+ T Cell–Mediated Cytotoxicity
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
Immunologic Tolerance
Central Tolerance
Peripheral Tolerance
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
General Principles
Role of Susceptibility Genes
Role of Infections
General Features of Autoimmune Diseases
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Spectrum of Autoantibodies in SLE
Etiology and Pathogenesis of SLE
Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Sjögren Syndrome
Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
Inflammatory Myopathies
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Polyarteritis Nodosa and Other Vasculitides
IgG4-Related Disease
REJECTION OF TISSUE TRANSPLANTS
Mechanisms of Recognition and Rejection of Allografts
Recognition of Graft Alloantigens by T and B Lymphocytes
T Cell–Mediated Reactions
Antibody-Mediated Reactions
Rejection of Kidney Grafts
Methods of Increasing Graft Survival
Transplantation of Other Solid Organs
Transplantation of Hematopoietic Cells
IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROMES
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Defects in Innate Immunity
Defects in Leukocyte Function
Deficiencies Affecting the Complement System
Defects in Adaptive Immunity
Defects in Lymphocyte Maturation
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
DiGeorge Syndrome (Thymic Hypoplasia)
Other Defects in Lymphocyte Maturation
Defects in Lymphocyte Activation and Function
Hyper-IgM Syndrome
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Isolated IgA Deficiency
X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Other Defects in Lymphocyte Activation
Immunodeficiencies Associated with Systemic Diseases
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Ataxia Telangiectasia
Secondary Immunodeficiencies