1. General Pathology
    2. 1. The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease
    2. Cellular Response to Stress and Toxic Insults
    3. Inflammation and Repair
    4. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock
    5. Genetic Disorders
    6. Diseases of the Immune System
    7. Neoplasia
    8. Infectious Diseases
    9. Environmental and Nutritional Diseases
    10. Diseases of Infancy and Childhood
  2. Systemic Pathology: Diseases of Organ Systems
    3. 11. Blood vessels
    12. The Heart
    13. Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus
    14. Red Blood Cell and Bleeding Disorders
    15. The Lung
    16. Head and Neck
    17. The Gastrointestinal Tract
    18. Liver and Gallbladder
    19. The Pancreas
    20. The Kidney
    21. The Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genital System
    22. The Female Genital Tract
    23. The Breast
    24. The Endocrine System
    25. The Skin
    26. Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissue Tumors
    27. Peripheral Nerves and Skeletal Muscles
    28. The Central Nervous System
    29. The Eye
General Pathology
2. Cellular Response to Stress and Toxic Insults
CELL INJURY AND DEATH
Introduction to Pathology
Overview: Cellular Responses to Stress and Noxious Stimuli
Adaptations of Cellular Growth and Differentiation
Hypertrophy
Mechanisms of Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Physiologic Hyperplasia
Pathologic Hyperplasia
Mechanisms of Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Mechanisms of Atrophy
Metaplasia
Mechanisms of Metaplasia
Overview of Cell Injury and Cell Death
Causes of Cell Injury
Morphologic Alterations in Cell Injury
Reversible Injury
Necrosis
Patterns of Tissue Necrosis
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
Depletion of ATP
Mitochondrial Damage
Influx of Calcium and Loss of Calcium Homeostasis
Accumulation of Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals (Oxidative Stress)
Defects in Membrane Permeability
Damage to DNA and Proteins
Clinicopathologic Correlations: Selected Examples of Cell Injury and Necrosis
Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury
Mechanisms of Ischemic Cell Injury
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Chemical (Toxic) Injury
Apoptosis
Causes of Apoptosis
Apoptosis in Physiologic Situations
Apoptosis in Pathologic Conditions
Morphologic and Biochemical Changes in Apoptosis
Mechanisms of Apoptosis
The Intrinsic (Mitochondrial) Pathway of Apoptosis
The Extrinsic (Death Receptor-Initiated) Pathway of Apoptosis
The Execution Phase of Apoptosis
Removal of Dead Cells
Clinicopathologic Correlations: Apoptosis in Health and Disease
Examples of Apoptosis
Disorders Associated with Dysregulated Apoptosis
Necroptosis
Autophagy
Intracellular Accumulations
Lipids
Steatosis (Fatty Change)
Cholesterol and Cholesterol Esters
Proteins
Hyaline Change
Glycogen
Pigments
Exogenous Pigments
Endogenous Pigments
Pathologic Calcification
Dystrophic Calcification
Metastatic Calcification
Cellular Aging