1. General Pharmacological Principles
    2. 1. Introduction, Routes of Drug Administration
    2. Pharmacokinetics: Membrane Transport, Absorption and Distribution of Drugs
    3. Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism and Excretion of Drugs, Kinetics of Elimination
    4. Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Drug Action; Receptor Pharmacology
    5. Aspects of Pharmacotherapy, Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Development
    6. Adverse Drug Effects
  2. Drug Acting on Autonomic Nervous System
    3. 7. Cholinergic Transmission and Cholinergic Drugs
    8. Anticholinergic Drugs and Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia
    9. Adrenergic Transmission and Adrenergic Drugs
    10. Antiadrenergic Drugs (Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists) and Drugs for Glaucoma
  3. Autacoids and Related Drugs
    4. 11. Histamine and Antihistaminics
    12. 5-Hydroxytryptamine, its Antagonists and Drug Therapy of Migraine
    13. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (Eicosanoids) and Platelet Activating Factor
    14. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Antipyretic-Analgesics
    15. Antirheumatoid and Antigout Drugs
  4. Respiratory System Drugs
    5. 16. Drugs for Cough and Bronchial Asthma
  5. Hormones and Related Drugs
    6. 17. Anterior Pituitary Hormones
    18. Thyroid Hormones and Thyroid Inhibitors
    19. Insulin, Oral Antidiabetic Drugs and Glucagon
    20. Corticosteroids
    21. Androgens and Related Drugs, Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction
    22. Estrogens, Progestins and Contraceptives
    23. Oxytocin and Other Drugs Acting on Uterus
    24. Hormones and Drugs affecting Calcium balance
  6. Drugs acting on Peripheral nervous system
    7. 25. Skeletal muscle relaxants
    26. Local anaesthetics
  7. Drugs acting on Central nervous system
    8. 27. General anaesthetics
    28. Ethyl and Methyl alcohols
    29. Sedative-Hypnotics
    30. Antiepileptic Drugs
    31. Antiparkinsonian Drugs
    32. Drugs used in Mental Illness: Antipsychotic and Antimanic drugs
    33. Drugs used in Mental Illness: Antidepressant and Antianxiety drugs
    34. Opioid analgesics and antagonists
    35. CNS stimulants and Cognitino enhancers
  8. Cardiovascular drugs
    9. 36. Drugs affecting Renin-Angiotensin system
    37. Nitric oxide and Vasoactive peptide signal molecules
    38. Cardiac glycosides and Drugs for Heart failure
    39. Antiarrhythmic drugs
    40. Antianginal and other Anti-ischaemic drugs
    41. Antihypertensive drugs
  9. Drugs acting on Kidney
    10. 42. Diuretics
    43. Antidiuretics
  10. Drugs affecting blood and Blood formation
    11. 44. Haematinics and Erythropoietin
    45. Drugs affecting Coagulation, Bleeding and Thrombosis
    46. Hypolipidaemic drugs
  11. Gastrointestinal drugs
    12. 47. Drugs for Pepric ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease
    48. Antiemetic, Prokinetic and Digestant drugs
    49. Drugs for Constipation and Diarrhoea
  12. Antimicrobial drugs
    13. 50. Antimicrobial drugs: General considerations
    51. Sulfonamides, Cotrimoxazole and Quinolones
    52. Beta-lactam antibiotics
    53. Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol (Broad-spectrum antibiotics)
    54. Aminoglycosides antibiotics
    55. Macrolide, Lincosamide, Glycopeptide and Other antibacterial antibiotics; Urinary antiseptics
    56. Antitubercular Drugs
    57. Antileprotic Drugs
    58. Antifungal drugs
    59. Antiviral drugs (Non-retroviral)
    60. Antiviral drugs (Anti-retrovirus)
    61. Antimalarial drugs
    62. Antiamoebic and Other antiprotozoal drugs
    63. Antihelmintic drugs
  13. Chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases
    14. 64. Anticancer drugs
  14. Miscellaneous drugs
    15. 65. Immunosuppressant drugs
    66. Drugs acting on Skin and Mucous membranes
    67. Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Ectoparasiticides
    68. Chelating agents
    69. Vitamins
    70. Vaccine, Antisera and Immunoglobulins
    71. Drug interactions
Cardiovascular drugs
39. Antiarrhythmic drugs
CLASSIFICATION
    ◉ CLASS I:
    ■ Mechanism of action:
    1. They primarily limit the conductance of Na+ (and K+) across cell membrane i.e, exerts local anaesthetic action.
    2. They also reduce rate of phase 0 - depolarization in automatic cells.
    3. They exert 'Use dependent' blockade action i.e., acts more on rapidly firing fibres.
      • •
        Thus, they block more on partially depolarized fibres.
    CLASS IA
    CLASS IB
    CLASS IC
    MOA:
    All of them block Na+ channel and thus decrease the slope of 0 phase depolarization.
    1. Blocks Na+ channel at open state more than closed ones.
    2. Blocks K+ channel.
    1. Blocks Na+ channel at inactivated state more than open state.
    2. Opens K+ channel.
    1. Blocks Na+ channel at open state more than closed ones.
    2. Negligible effect on K+ channel.
    ◈ SUBCLASS IA:
    ● Mechanism of action:
    1. They are open state Na+ channel blockers with little effect on resting channels.
    2. They moderately
      1. delay channel recovery
      2. suppress AV conduction and
      3. prolong refractoriness.
    3. They serve to extinguish ectopic pacemakers that are often responsible for triggered arrhythmias.
    4. They also abolish reentry by converting unidirectional block into bidirectional block.
    ● Uses:
    1. Used to prevent acute, chronic ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias expecially
      1. Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
      2. Symptomatic ventricular premature beats
      3. Ventricular fibrillation
    ■ DISOPYRAMIDE:
    ● Mechanism of action:
    ■ PROCAINAMIDE:
    ● Mechanism of action:
    ■ QUINIDINE:
    ● Source: Cinchona plant
    Image 1
    Fig. Cinchona plant
    ● Mechanism of action:
    1. As above
    2. Blood vessels: Increases Blood pressure at high dose due to α1 blocking effect.
    3. Relaxes skeletal muscles.
    4. Has anti-malarial effect.
    5. Utrine contraction.
    ● Uses:
    1. Wide use in many arrhythmias
      1. Atrial flutter
      2. Atrial fibrillation
    2. Anti-malarial action
      • •
        It has weaker anti-malarial action than Quinine.
      • •
        It is used as a parenteral alternative to quinine for falciparum malaria.
    ● Adverse effects:
    1. Hypotension and Hypoglycemia
    2. GIT
      1. Nausea
      2. Vomiting
      3. Diarrhoea
    3. Hypersensitivity
      1. Fever
      2. Angioedema
      3. Shock
      4. Thrombocytopenia
    4. Cinchonism in overdose
      1. Ear
        1. Ringing in ear
        2. Vertigo
        3. Tinnitus (the perception of sound that does not have an external source)
        4. Deafness
      2. CNS
        1. Headache
        2. Visual disturbances and
        3. Delirium
        4. Mental changes
      3. Hypotension
    ● Drug interaction:
    1. Increase in blood levels and toxicity of Digoxin and Digitoxin
      1. Inhibition of Renal clearance of Digoxin
      2. Inhibition of Biliary clearance of Digitoxin
    ◈ SUBCLASS IB:
    ● Mechanism of action:
    ■ LIDOCAINE:
    ● Mechanism of action:
    ■ MEXILITINE:
    ● Mechanism of action:
    ◈ SUBCLASS IC:
    ● Mechanism of action:
    ■ PROPAFENONE:
    ● Mechanism of action:
    ◉ CLASS II:
    ■ Mechanism of action:
    ◈ ESMOLOL:
    ■ Mechanism of action:
    ◉ CLASS III:
    ■ Mechanism of action:
    ◈ AMIODARONE:
    ■ Mechanism of action:
    ◉ CLASS IV:
    ■ Mechanism of action:
    ◈ VERAPAMIL:
    ■ Mechanism of action: