Feature | Phase-I Metabolism | Phase-II Metabolism |
---|---|---|
Also known as | Functionalization reactions/ Non-synthetic reaction | Conjugation reactions/ Synthetic reaction |
Main purpose | Introduce or expose functional groups (–OH, –NH₂, –SH) | Conjugate with endogenous compounds to increase solubility |
Type of reactions | Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis | Glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, methylation, etc. |
Enzymes involved | Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) | Transferase enzymes (e.g., UGT, SULT, NAT) |
Polarity of products | Slightly polar, may not be excretable | Highly polar, easily excretable |
Energy requirement | Generally do not require energy | Often require energy (e.g., from cofactors like UDPGA) |
Drug activation/inactivation | May activate prodrugs or form reactive intermediates | Usually leads to drug inactivation and detoxification |
Examples | Hydroxylation of benzene, hydrolysis of esters | Glucuronidation of morphine, sulfation of acetaminophen |