1. General
    2. 1. Introduction to Pediatrics
    2. Growth
    3. Development
    4. Developmental and Behavioural Disorders
    5. Adolescent Health and Development
    6. Fluid and Electrolyte disturbances
    7. Nutrition
    8. Micronutrients in Health and Disease
    9. Newborn care
    10. Immunization
    11. Infections and Infestations
    12. Genetic Disorders
    13. Inbor Errors of Metabolism
    14. Inborn Errors of Immunity
  2. Systemic
    3. 15. Diseases of Gastrointestinal System and Liver
    16. Hematological Disorders
    17. Otorhinolaryngology
    18. Disorders of Respiratory System
    19. Disorders of Cardiovascular System
    20. Disorders of Kidney and Urinary tract
    21. Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
    22. Diseases of Central Nervous System
    23. Neuromuscular Disorders
    24. Childhood Malignancies
    25. Rheumatological Disorders
    26. Ophthalmic Disorders
    27. Skin Disorders
  3. Other
    4. 28. Poisonings, Injuries and Accidents
    29. Pediatric Critical Care
    30. Important Medical Procedures
    31. Rights of Children
    32. Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness
    33. Rational Drug Therapy
Systemic
18. Disorders of Respiratory System
DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
▢ Gas transport from Fetal life to Postnatal period:
▢ Onset of Respiration:
❖ Factors responsible for initiation of respiration at birth:
  1. Hypoxia
  2. Hypercapnia
  3. Sudden increase in the sensitivity of chemoreceptors due to increased sympathetic activity after the cord is clamped.
▢ Respiratory Function in the Newborn:
▢ Gas exchange in Newborn:
▢ Mechanical function throughout Childhood:
▢ Gas transport in Childhood:
❖ Oxygen requirements of Newborn: 7 mL of oxygen/minute/kg (Double that of an adult on a relative weight basis)
COMMON RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS
Cough
Expectoration
Hemoptysis
Respiratory Noises
Rattling
Snoring
Stridor
Grunting
Wheeze
Dyspnea
Epistaxis
DIAGNOSIS OF RESPIRATORY ILLNESS
Imaging
X-ray
▢ Lobar consolidation: Infection due to Staphylococcus pneumoniae
▢ Hilar or Mediastinal adenopathy: Tubercular infection
▢ Pneumatoceles: Pneuomia due to Staphylococcus
▢ Generalized hyperinflation with minimal parenchymal lesions: Acute bronchiolitis
CT scan
▢ Visualization of:
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Tumors
  3. Bronchiectasis
  4. Pleural pathologies
Bronchoscopy
Flexible fiberoption
▢ Used for:
  1. Structural abnormalities of airways
  2. Diagnosis of foreign body in respiratory tract
  3. Obtaining bronchoalveolar lavage sample
    1. Cell type
    2. Infective etiology from lower respiratory tract
    3. Biopsies
Rigid
▢ Used for:
  1. Removal of foreign bodies from airways or obtaining biopsy from airway tumors
Pulmonary Function Test
Blood gas analysis
Sweat chloride test
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Common cold or Nasopharyngitis
Clinical Features
Complications
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Acute Tonsillopharyngitis (Sore Throat)
Clinical Features
Complications
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
ACUTE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Croup
Epiglottitis
Laryngitits and Laryngotracheobronchitis (Infectious croup)
Spasmodic croup
Differential diagnosis
Pneumonia
▢ Etiology:
❖ Viral:
❖ Bacterial:
❖ Atypical organisms:
❖ Pneumocystis jirovecii:
❖ Fungi:
❖ Miscellaneous causes:
▢ Clinical features:
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Pathology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Staphylococcal pneumonia
Pathology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Hemophilus pneumonia
Pathology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Streptococcal pneumonia
Pathology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Primary Atypical Pneumonia
Pathology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pneumonia due to Gram-Negative Organisms
Pathology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Viral Pnuemonias
Pneumonia due to inhalation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons as Kerosene
Loeffler syndrome
▢ Clinical features: