15. Coccidian parasites and Cryptosporidium species
16. Taenia species
17. Echinococcus granulosus
18. Heminolepis nana
19. Ascaris lumbricoides
20. Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
21. Enterobius vermicularis
22. Trichuris trichuria
23
Biochemistry
23. Biochemical principles of Nutrition
24
Biochemistry
23. Biochemical principles of Nutrition
BASAL_METABOLIC_RATE
introduction
BMR=
Working of heart
Conduction of nerve impulse
Reabsorption of renal tubules
Gastrointestinal motility
Na+ - K+ pump (50% BMR)
definition
Basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy required by the body to maintain life at complete physical and mental rest in the post absorptive state.
basal_energy
BMR
factors_affecting_BMR
age
> in children due to Lean Body Mass
⬇ by 2%/decade
sex
Men > women by 5% due to Lean Body mass
fever
⬆ by more than 10% /1 degree celcius
hormones
Thyroid hormones have stimulatory effect on the metabolism of body
BMR is elevated by about 70% in hyperthyroidism and lowered by about 40% in hypothyroidism thus used to assess thyroid function
Other hormones like epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormones adn sex hormones ⬆ BMR
starvation
⬇ upto 50%
environment
⬆ in cold climate
surface_area
BMR ∝ Surface area ∝ Weight and Height
disease_state
decreases_in
Adrenal insufficiency
increases_in
infections
leukemia
polycythemia
cardiac failure
hypertension
physical_activity
⬆ with regular exercise due to ⬆ in surface area
racial_variations
Higher in Eskimos and less in Oriental women of USA than American women.
energy_expenditure_related_to_BMR
Total energy expenditure (Fed state) = Basal energy + energy for physical activity + energy for synthesizing reserves
sedentary_activities=1.1 - 1.2 x BMR
vigorous_exercise=6-8 x BMR
CARBOHYDRATE_DIGESTION
process_of_digestion
digestion_in_mouth
Amylase
dietary_carbohydrates
disaccharides
Sucrose (Cane sugar)
Lactose (Milk sugar)
monosaccharide
hexose
fructose
pentose
ribose
polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
SPECIFIC_DYNAMIC_ACTION
fat_SDA
storage
mobilization
oxidation
SDA_value
fat
13%
protein
30%
mixed_diet
10%
carbohydrate
5%
definition
The phenomenon of extra heat production by the body, over and above the calculated caloric value, when a given food is metabolized by the body is known as specific dynamic action
protein_SDA
Deamination
Synthesis of urea
Biosynthesis of proteins
Synthesis of triacylglycerol
significance
SDA inversely proportional to quality of food
So, protein is bad source of energy and fat is good source
However, excessive utilization of fat leads to ketosis.
carbohydrate_SDA
Conversion of glucose to glycogen
utilization_of_SDA_energy
Digestion
Absorption
Transport
Metabolism
Storage
significance_of_high_protein_SDA
Make us feel warm and comfortable in cold weather.
