1. Anatomy
  2. Physiology
  3. Pathology
    4. 1. Liver cell cancer
  4. Pharmacology
  5. Microbiology
    6. 2. Salmonella
    3. Shigella
    4. Escherichia coli
    5. Klebsiella
    6. Proteus
    7. Vibrio cholerae
    8. Clostridia
    9. Hepatitis
    10. Rota
    11. Adeno
    12. Norwalk
    13. Entamoeba histolytica
    14. Giardia lamblia
    15. Coccidian parasites and Cryptosporidium species
    16. Taenia species
    17. Echinococcus granulosus
    18. Heminolepis nana
    19. Ascaris lumbricoides
    20. Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
    21. Enterobius vermicularis
    22. Trichuris trichuria
  6. Biochemistry
    7. 23. Biochemical principles of Nutrition
Pathology
1. Liver cell cancer
▢ CLASSIFICATION:
❖ benign:
◉ biliary_tumors:
  1. Bile duct adenoma (Cholangioma)
◉ mesodermal_tumors:
  1. Haemangioma
◉ hepatocellular_tumor:
  1. Hepatocellular tumor adeoma (Liver cell adenoma)
❖ malignant:
◉ angiosarcoma:
  1. Embryonal sarcoma
◉ cholangiocarcinoma:
  1. Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma
◉ hepatocellular carcinoma:
  1. Hepatoblastoma (embryoma)
▢ HEPATO-CELLULAR_CARCINOMA:
❖ etiology:
  1. Viral infections (HBV - 85%)
  2. Chronic alcoholism
  3. Cirrhosis
  4. Food contaminates (Primary contaminants)
  5. Chemical carcinoma (Butter yellow, nitrosamines)
  6. Hereditary hemochromatosis
❖ morpholoyg:
◉ gross:
◈ color:
  1. Usually paler than the surrounding liver substance
  2. Sometimes take on a green hue when composed of well differentiated bile secreting bile
◈ invasion: Long snake like masses of tumor invade the portal vein.
◈ metastases: Extensive intrahepatic metastases
◈ propensity: All patern of hepatocellular carcinomas have strong propensity for invasion of vascular channels
◈ gross_appearance:
  1. Unifocal --> Usually large mass
  2. Multifocal --> Widely distributed nodules of variable size
  3. Diffusely infiltrative --> Permeating widely and sometimes involving the entire liver
◉ microscopic:
◈ pattern:
■ poorly_differentiated:
● pleomorphic_appearance:
  1. Numerous anaplastic giant cells
  2. Small and completely undifferentiated cells
  3. Resemble spindle cell sarcoma
■ well_differentiated_and_moderately_well_differentiated:
  1. Trabecular pattern
  2. Acinar pattern
  3. Pseudoglandular pattern
◈ anaplasia: Highly anaplastic lesions
◈ differentiation: Well differentiated
❖ epidemiology:
  1. Most common primary hepatic malignant tumor