1. Anatomy
    2. 1. General anatomy
    2. General histology
    3. General embryology
  2. Physiology
    3. 4. Functional Organization and Internal Environment
    5. Cell Membrane and Communication
    6. Bioelectricity
    7. Ageing and Yoga
    8. Blood
  3. Pharmacology
    4. 9. General Pharmacology
    10. Antibacterial agents
    11. Antifungal agents
    12. Antiviral agent
    13. Antimalarial, anti-kalazar and antifilarial drugs
    14. Anticancer drugs
  4. Pathology
    5. 15. Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
    16. Inflammation and Repair
    17. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock
    18. Neoplasia
    19. Diseases of the Immune System
  5. Microbiology
    6. 20. General microbiology
    21. Immunology
  6. Biochemistry
    7. 22. Introduction to biochemistry
    23. Metabolism
    24. Vitamins
    25. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA
Physiology
6. Bioelectricity

1.

Define equilibrium and explain the ionic basis of action potential of a neuron.

[2071, 2069, 2068]

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2.

Draw a labeled diagram of action potential of a neuron and explain it's ionic basis. Explain the refractory period.

[2066]

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3.

Define the term resting membrane potential, Nernst potential, refractory period and chronaxie. Mention the ionic basis of nerve action potential.

[2061]

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4.

Define all or none law.

[2056]

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5.

Write short note on: Diagram of action potential on neuron and it's ionic basis.

[2067]

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6.

Mention the differences between action potential and graded potential.

[2069]

➤

7.

Short notes on: Action potential.

(2.5)

[2072]

➤

8.

Write short notes on:
  1. a. Action potential
  2. b. Spatial summation and temporal summation

[2078]

➤

▢ NerveFibreProperties:
❖ RestingMembranePotential:
◉ Definition: The difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a resting nerve fibre.
❖ Excitability:
◉ Definition: Ability of the nerve fibre to respond to a stimulus.
❖ Conductivity:
◉ Definition: Ability of the nerve fibre to conduct the action potential (AP) along its length.
❖ AllOrNoneLaw:
◉ Definition: If an action potential is produced, it is always full in magnitude (never partial), and only occurs if the stimulus reaches threshold.
◉ Notes: True only in case of AP formation.
❖ LatentPeriod:
◉ Definition: Time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of the response (action potential).
❖ RefractoryPeriod:
◉ Definition: The time after an action potential during which another AP cannot be elicited.
◉ Types:
◈ AbsoluteRefractoryPeriod: A period when no new action potential can be elicited, regardless of stimulus strength.
◈ RelativeRefractoryPeriod: A period after the absolute RP during which a stronger-than-normal stimulus can initiate another AP.
❖ Summation:
◉ Definition: Addition of electrical or physical changes due to application of repeated stimuli.
◉ Types:
◈ SpatialSummation: Summation due to multiple stimuli applied simultaneously at different locations.
◈ TemporalSummation: Summation due to repeated stimuli applied in rapid succession at the same location.
❖ StimulusThresholds:
◉ Rheobase:
◈ Definition: The minimum strength of a stimulus which, when applied for a very long time, just excites the tissue.
Feature
Action Potential
Graded Potential
Nature
All-or-none response
Graded (varies with stimulus strength)
Amplitude
Constant (~100 mV)
Varies (can be small or large)
Propagation
Propagated over long distances without decrement
Decreases with distance (decremental conduction)
Threshold
Has a threshold; stimulus must reach threshold to trigger
No threshold; any stimulus can initiate
Summation
Does not show summation
Shows spatial and temporal summation
Refractory period
Has refractory periods (absolute and relative)
No refractory period
Type of channels involved
Voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels
Ligand-gated or mechanically gated ion channels
Location
Axon (initial segment, nodes of Ranvier)
Dendrites and cell body
Function
Transmit signals over long distances
Initiate or inhibit action potentials