1. Anatomy
    2. 1. General anatomy
    2. General histology
    3. General embryology
  2. Physiology
    3. 4. Homeostasis
    5. Body fluid compartments or Functions of electrolytes
    6. Cell membrane transport
    7. Cell to cell and local communication
    8. Bioelectricity
    9. Ageing
    10. Yoga
    11. Blood
    12. Plasma
    13. Erythrocytes
    14. Erythropoiesis
    15. Anaemia
    16. Leukocytes
    17. Platelets
    18. Blood groups
    19. Blood transfusion
  3. Pharmacology
  4. Pathology
  5. Microbiology
    6. 20. Contribution of microbiology to medical science
    21. Microbial flora Indigenous microbiota
    22. Transmission of Microorganisms
    23. Sterilization, Disinfection and Decontamination
    24. Bacteriology
    25. Anaerobiosis
    26. Virology
    27. Parasitology
    28. Mycology
    29. Infection
    30. Antimicrobial agents
    31. Laboratory diagnosis of
    32. Infectious waste management
    33. Immunity
    34. Antigens
    35. Antibody
    36. Immune response
    37. Common immunological and serological tests used for the diagnosis
    38. Hypersensitivity
    39. Immunological disorders
    40. Immunoprophylaxis
    41. Microbial genetics
  6. Biochemistry
    7. 42. Introduction to biochemistry
    43. Amino acids
    44. Proteins
    45. Carbohydrates
    46. Lipids
    47. Nucleic acids Gene expression
    48. Enzymes
    49. Metabolism
    50. Glycogen metabolism
    51. Hexose monophosphate pathway
    52. TCA cycle
    53. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism
    54. Vitamins
    55. Trace elements
    56. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA
    57. Gene
    58. Mutation
    59. Replication
    60. Transciption in prokaryotes
    61. Translation
    62. Regulation of gene expression
    63. Recombinant DNA technology
    64. Genetic disorders
    65. Inborn errors of metabolism
    66. Polymerase chain reaction
    67. Biochemistry of tumor metabolism
Microbiology
24. Bacteriology
Property
Gram staining
Acid fast staining
Primary stain
Violet/ Blue color (Crystal violet)
Pink/ Red color (Carbon fuchsin)
Mordant
Iodine
Simple heat
Decolorizer
Alcohol or Acetone
20% \(H_2SO_4\)
Secondary stain
Pink/ Red color (Carbol fuchsin)
Blue/ Violet color (Methylene blue)
ACID FAST STRUCTURES
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Bacteria
  1. Legionella
  2. Mycobacterium
    1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    2. Mycobacterium leprae
  3. Nocardia
  4. Smegma bacilli
Parasites
  1. Cryptosporidium
  2. Cyclospora
  3. Cystoisospora
Bacterial spore
Spermatic head
ALBERT STAIN
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Stains used
  1. Malachite green
  2. Toluidine blue
  3. Iodine
+ve Bacteria (@MSC GArden)
  1. Mycobacterium
  2. Spirillum volutans
  3. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  4. Gardenella vaginalis
  5. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Granules name
  1. Volutin granules → Discovered in Spirillum volutin bacteria
  2. Babes Ernst granules → Discovered by Babes Ernst
  3. Polar bodies → Due to presence at the poles
  4. Metachromatic granules → Due to blue in color
Metachromatic granules stained with (@PLAN)
  1. Ponder's stain
  2. Loeffler's methylene blue
  3. Albert's stain
  4. Neisser's stain
BIPOLAR STAINING/ SAFETY PIN APPEARANCE
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Stains are stained at poles or ends.
Examples
    Can produce very high yield stain
  1. Campylobacter granulomatis
  2. Pseudomonas mallei/ Psedomallai
  3. Vibrio parahemolyticus
  4. Hemophilus ducreyi
  5. Yersinia pestis
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
Obligate anaerobe
  1. Clostridia
  2. Bacteroides
  3. Actinomyces
SPORE FORMING BACTERIA
Spore forming bacteria @BSC Chemistry
  1. Bacilli antracis and subtilis
  2. Sporosarina
  3. Clostridia
  4. Coxiella brnetti
CAPSULATION
Capsulated
  1. Streptococcus pyogenes
  2. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  3. Neisseria meningitidis
  4. Bacillus anthracis
  5. Clostridium perfringes and butyricum
  6. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  7. Pseudomonas aeruginous
  8. Hemophilus influenzae
  9. Bacteriodes fragilis
  10. Vibrio parahemolyticus
  11. Yersinia
MOTILITY
Motile bacteria
Peritrichous flagella (@Cute Baby SLEePing)
  1. Bacillus except B. antracis
  2. Clostridia all except C. perfringes and C. tetani
  3. Salmonella except S. gallenarum-pullorum
  4. E. coli
  5. Proteus
  6. Listeria monocytogen
Polar flagella (@Very Protective Solution HCL)
  1. Vibrio
  2. Spirochete
  3. Pseudomonas
  4. Helicobacter pylori
  5. Campylobacter
  6. Legionella
Types of Motility
Bacteria
Tumbling motility
Listeria
Gliding motility
Mycoplasma
Stately motility
Clostridium
Darting motility
  1. Vibrio cholerae
  2. Campylobacter
Swarming on agar plate
  1. Proteus
  2. Clostridium tetani
Corkscrew, lashing, flexion extension motility
Spirochete
CULTURE MEDIA
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Types of Culture media
Based on Consistency
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Liquid
Semisolid
Solid
Based on Method of growth detection
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Conventional culture media
Simple/ Basal media
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Constituents
  1. Water
  2. Electrolyte
  3. Peptone
  4. Meat extract
  5. Agar
    1. Composition → 2%
    2. Used only for solidifying and not for nutrient purpose.
Peptone water
Nutrient broth
Nutrient agar
Semisolid medium
Enriched media
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Constituents
    It contains either one of them.
  1. Blood
  2. Serum
  3. Egg
Uses
Used to grow fastidious organism. (Bacteria requiring specific nutrients)
Blood agar
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Example
Uses
  1. To study hemolytic property of the bacteria.
    2. ○ β-hemolysis (Complete hemolysis):
    ○ α-hemolysis (Incomplete hemolysis):
    ○ γ-hemolysis (No hemolysis):
Chocolate agar
Example
  1. Neisseria
  2. Haemophilus
Leoffler's serum slope
Example
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Blood culture media
Example
Note
Enrichment and Selective media allow specific organism to grow.
Enrichment broth
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  1. They are liquid media.
Tetrathionate broth
  • •
    Used for isolation of Salmonella Typhi
Selenite F broth
  • •
    Used for isolation of Shigella
Gram-negative broth
  • •
    Used for isolation of Shigella
Alkaline peptone water (APW)
  • •
    Used for isolation of Vibrio cholerae
Selective media
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  1. They are solid media.
Lowenstein-Jensen(LJ) medium
  • •
    Used for isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose (TCBS) agar
  • •
    Used for isolation of Vibrio
DCA (Deoxycholate citrate agar) and XLD (Xylose lysine deoxycholate) agar
  • •
    Used for isolation of Salmonella and Shigella
Potassium tellurite agar (PTA)
  • •
    Used for isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Tindale tellurite agar
  • •
    Used for isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Differential media
They differentiate two groups of bacteria by using an indicator, which changes the color of the colonies of a only particular group of bacteria.
MacConkey agar
CLED agar (Cysteine lactose electrolyte-deficient agar)
Transport media
Neisseria
  1. Amies medium
  2. Stuart's medium
Vibrio cholerae
  1. VR (Venkatraman-Ramakrishnan) medium
  2. Autoclaved sea water
  3. Cary Blair medium
Salmonella, Shigella
  1. Buffered glycerol saline
  2. Cary Blair medium
Anaerobic media
Robertson's cooked meat (RCM) broth
Others anaerobic media
  1. Thioglycollate broth
  2. Anaerobic blood agar
  3. BHIS agar (Brain-heart infusion agar) with supplements (vitamin K and hemin)
  4. Neomycin blood agar
  5. Egg yolk agar
  6. Phenyl ethyl agar
  7. Bacteroides bile esculin agar (BBE agar)
Automated culture media
BacT/ ALERT 3D
BacT/ ALERT VIRTUO
BACTEC (BD Diagnostics)