(d) Gamma rays (γ-rays) have the highest penetrating power among the given options.
2. Which elementary particle is a lepton?
[Electron, Muon and Taun are leptons(light particles).]
Electron
Neutron
Proton
Quark
(a) Electron is a lepton, which is a type of elementary particle. Neutrons and protons are baryons, and quarks are fundamental constituents of hadrons.
3. Potential energy source for inducing nuclear fusion reaction is
X-ray
Laser
Ultraviolet
Microwave
(b) High-power lasers can be used to heat and compress materials to extreme densities and temperatures required to initiate nuclear fusion.
4. When dipole is rotated by 180° from stable equilibrium, the work done will be:
2MB
MB
√2 MB
MB/√2
(a) Work done in rotating a dipole in an electric field is W = MB(cosθ₁ - cosθ₂). For stable equilibrium, θ₁ = 0°. For rotation by 180°, θ₂ = 180°. W = MB(cos0° - cos180°) = MB(1 - (-1)) = 2MB.
5. A thin rod of length f/3 is placed along the optical axis of a concave mirror of focal length f such that its image which is real and elongated just touches the rod. The length of the image is
f/2
F
3f/4
2f/3
(a) Using mirror formula, for the end closer to mirror, 1/v₁ + 1/u₁ = 1/f. Let distance be x. 1/(-x) - 1/(-u) = 1/(-f) => -1/x + 1/u = -1/f. For the other end, u₂ = u + f/3, v₂ = x + f/3. 1/(-(x+f/3)) + 1/(u+f/3) = -1/f. Given image touches the rod, so v₁ = -u. -1/u + 1/u = -1/f (not possible). Let image touch the rod, so v₁ = u + f/3 or v₂ = u. Solving these equations will give the length of the image.
6. Far sightedness is corrected by using
Convex lens
Concave lens
Bifocal lens
Cylindrical lens
(a) Farsightedness (hyperopia) occurs when the eye focuses light behind the retina, causing nearby objects to appear blurry. It is corrected by using a convex (converging) lens.
7. A body moves such that u = at, the distance travelled by it in first 4 second is:
8a
4a
2a
12a
(a) Given initial velocity u = at (This seems incorrect as 'u' usually denotes initial velocity at t=0. Assuming initial velocity is 0 and velocity at time t is v=at). Then s = ut + 1/2 at² = 0 * 4 + 1/2 * a * (4)² = 0 + 1/2 * a * 16 = 8a.
8. Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum includes waves with a frequency of 10^7 7 MHz?
Ultraviolet waves
Radio waves
Infra-red waves
X-rays
(b) 7 MHz = 7 × 10⁶ Hz. Radio waves have frequencies ranging from a few hertz to several gigahertz (10⁹ Hz), so 7 MHz falls within the radio wave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
9. The opposite corners of a square contain equal charge Q and other opposite corners contain charge q. The net force on Q is zero if:
Q=−2q
Q=+2q
Q=−2√2 q
Q=2√2 q
(c) Let the square have side length a. Force on Q due to other Q at distance √2a is kQ²/2a² (repulsive). Force on Q due to each q at distance a is kqQ/a² (attractive). For net force on Q to be zero, kQ²/2a² = 2 * kqQ/a² * cos45° => Q/2 = 2q * (1/√2) => Q/2 = √2q => Q = 2√2q. If q is negative, Q will be negative for repulsive force from other Q.
10. The time period of a satellite orbiting in circular orbit around the Earth is independent of:
Both mass of satellite and radius of its orbit
Radius of its orbit
The mass of the satellite
Neither the mass of the satellite nor the radius of its orbit.
(c) The time period of a satellite orbiting the Earth is given by T = 2π√(r³/GM), where r is the radius of the orbit, G is the gravitational constant, and M is the mass of the Earth. The time period is independent of the mass of the satellite.
11. A cylinder piece of a soft, electrically conducting material has resistance R. It is rolled out so that its length is doubled but its volume stays constant. What is its new resistance?
R/2
4R
2R
R
(b) Resistance R = ρL/A. Volume V = LA = constant. If length is doubled (L' = 2L), then area becomes half (A' = A/2) to keep volume constant. New resistance R' = ρL'/A' = ρ(2L)/(A/2) = 4ρL/A = 4R.
12. A nucleus containing Z protons and N neutrons has mass M. If the mass of the proton is mp and that of neutron is mp , then the mass defect of the nucleus is:
Zm_p+Nm_n−M
M−Zm_p−Nm_n
M−Zm_p+Nm_n
Zm_p+Nm_n+M
(a) The mass defect (Δm) is the difference between the sum of the masses of the individual nucleons (protons and neutrons) and the actual mass of the nucleus. Δm = (Zm_p + Nm_n) - M.
13. The velocity of sound is generally greater in solids than in gases because:
The density of solid is high but the elasticity is low
Both the density and elasticity of solids are low
Elasticity of solids is very high
The density of solid is low but the elasticity is high
(c) The velocity of sound in a medium is directly proportional to the square root of its elasticity (Young's modulus for solids, bulk modulus for liquids and gases) and inversely proportional to the square root of its density (v = √(E/ρ)). Solids generally have much higher elasticity than gases, which outweighs their higher density, resulting in a greater velocity of sound.
14. In one dimension elastic collision, when heavy mass collides with a lighter mass initially at rest,
Both of them stick together and move with same velocity
Heavy mass comes to rest and lighter mass moves with velocity of heavy mass
Velocity of heavy mass visible remains same and lighter mass moves in opposite direction with velocity approximately twice of heavy mass
Nothing can be said about velocity of lighter mass
(c) In a one-dimensional elastic collision where a heavy mass (m₁) collides with a lighter mass (m₂) initially at rest (u₂ = 0), if m₁ >> m₂, the velocity of the heavy mass (v₁) remains almost the same (v₁ ≈ u₁), and the lighter mass (v₂) moves forward with a velocity approximately twice that of the initial velocity of the heavy mass (v₂ ≈ 2u₁).
15. Radius of n^th orbit is related to quantum number n as
1/n
N
1/n^2
n^2
(d) According to Bohr's model, the radius of the nth orbit of an electron in a hydrogen atom is proportional to the square of the principal quantum number (n): rn ∝ n².
16. An object is placed at a distance u from a simple microscope of focal length f. The angular magnification depends
On f but not on u
On u but on f
Of f as well as u
Neither on f nor u
(c) The angular magnification (M) of a simple microscope is given by M = 1 + (D/f) when the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (D), and M = D/f when the final image is formed at infinity. However, if the object is not placed such that the image is at infinity or D, the object distance u will also affect the magnification through the image distance v and the formula M = v/u.
17. The magnification of telescope in normal adjustment is
[Normal adjustment means final image at infinity.]
f_o/f_e
f_o×f_e
2f_o×f_e
f_o+f_e
(a) The magnification of a telescope in normal adjustment (final image at infinity) is given by the ratio of the focal length of the objective lens (fo) to the focal length of the eyepiece (fe): M = fo/fe.
18. Unit of coefficient of viscosity is
N/(m^2 s^(−1) )
Nm^2 s^(−1)
(Nm^2)/s
(Nm^2)/s^2
(a) Coefficient of viscosity (η) is defined by the formula F = ηA(dv/dx), where F is the viscous force, A is the area of the layers, and dv/dx is the velocity gradient. Rearranging for η, we get η = F/(A(dv/dx)). The SI unit of force is Newton (N), area is m², and velocity gradient is (m/s)/m = s⁻¹. Therefore, the SI unit of viscosity is N/(m² s⁻¹), which is also Pascal-second (Pa·s).
19. At 30°C room temperature, the body takes 4 min to cool from 59°C to 61°C, then how much times does it take to cool from 49°C to 51°C?
6 min
5 min
4 min
8 min
(c) According to Newton's Law of Cooling, the rate of cooling is proportional to the temperature difference between the object and the surroundings. In the first case, the average temperature of the body is (59+61)/2 = 60°C, and the temperature difference is 60 - 30 = 30°C. In the second case, the average temperature is (49+51)/2 = 50°C, and the temperature difference is 50 - 30 = 20°C. Rate of cooling in the first case ∝ 30, and in the second case ∝ 20. Let dt₁ and dt₂ be the time taken for the same temperature drop (2°C) in both cases. (dT/dt)₁ ∝ 30 => 2/4 ∝ 30 => 1/2 ∝ 30. (dT/dt)₂ ∝ 20 => 2/dt₂ ∝ 20 => 1/dt₂ ∝ 10. Ratio of rates = (1/2) / (1/dt₂) = 30/20 => dt₂/2 = 3/2 => dt₂ = 3 min. There's a mistake in my calculation. Let's retry. Rate of cooling dT/dt = k(T - Tsurrounding). Case 1: average temperature T₁ = 60°C, surrounding Ts = 30°C, dT = 2°C, dt₁ = 4 min. 2/4 = k(60 - 30) => 1/2 = 30k => k = 1/60. Case 2: average temperature T₂ = 50°C, surrounding Ts = 30°C, dT = 2°C, dt₂ = ? 2/dt₂ = k(50 - 30) => 2/dt₂ = (1/60) * 20 => 2/dt₂ = 1/3 => dt₂ = 6 min.
20. Ratio of the rms velocity of H_2 molecule to the He atom at the same temperature is
√2:1
2:1
1/√2
1:2
(b) The root mean square velocity vrms = √(3RT/M), where M is the molar mass. Molar mass of H₂ ≈ 2 g/mol, molar mass of He ≈ 4 g/mol. (vrms)H₂ / (vrms)He = √(MHe / MH₂) = √(4/2) = √2. The ratio is √2 : 1.
21. The ratio of centripetal force of two bodies having same mass moving with same velocity in radius of r_1 and r_2 is
r_2/r_1
√(r_2/r_1 )
√(r_1/r_2 )
r_1/r_2
(a) Centripetal force F = mv²/r. For same mass (m) and same velocity (v), F ∝ 1/r. Therefore, F₁/F₂ = r₂/r₁.
22. A cylindrical block of wood has cross-sectional area A and weight W. It is totally immersed in water with its axis vertical. The block experiences pressures p_t and p_b at its top and bottom surfaces resprectively. Which expression is equal to the upthrust on the block?
(p_b−p_t )
(p_b−p_t )A
(p_b−p_t )A−W
(p_b−p_t )A+W
(b) Upthrust is the net upward force exerted by the fluid on the immersed object, which is equal to the difference in pressure between the bottom and top surfaces multiplied by the area of the surfaces. Upthrust = Fup - Fdown = pbA - ptA = (pb - pt)A.
23. The maximum wavelength that can be set in a stretched string of length 'l' is
l/2
2l
4l
l/4
(b) The maximum wavelength corresponds to the fundamental frequency (first harmonic) where the string vibrates with one antinode in the middle and two nodes at the ends. In this case, the length of the string (l) is equal to half the wavelength (λ/2). Therefore, l = λ/2, which gives λ = 2l.
24. On doubling the frequency of R-C circuit, impedance
Decreases
Increases
Remains same
Doubles
(b) Impedance of an RC circuit Z = √(R² + (1/ωC)²), where ω = 2πf is the angular frequency and f is the frequency. Z = √(R² + (1/(2πfC))²). If frequency f is doubled to 2f, the new impedance Z' = √(R² + (1/(2π(2f)C))²) = √(R² + (1/(4πfC))²) = √(R² + (1/4) * (1/(2πfC))²). Since the term (1/(2πfC))² decreases by a factor of 4, the overall impedance Z' will increase (though not necessarily double).
25. A charged particle is in the electric field between two horizontal metal plates connected to a battery, as shown. There is a force F on the particle due to the electric field. The separation of the plates is doubled. What is the new force on the particle?
F/4
F/2
F
2F
(b) The electric field between two parallel plates connected to a battery is given by E = V/d, where V is the potential difference (voltage of the battery) and d is the separation between the plates. The force on the charged particle is F = qE = qV/d. If the separation of the plates is doubled to 2d, the new electric field E' = V/(2d) = E/2. Therefore, the new force on the particle F' = qE' = q(E/2) = F/2.
26. For diffraction to occur
The width of the object should be lesser than the wavelength
The width of the object should be greater than the wavelength
The width of the object should be comparable to the wavelength
The width of the object should be half of the wavelength
(c) Diffraction, the bending of waves around obstacles or through apertures, becomes significant when the size of the obstacle or aperture is comparable to the wavelength of the wave.
27. A current of 'I' flows in an electric circuit having a cell of emf E and internal resistance 'r'. The terminal p.d. across the end of cell is:
E+Ir
E-Ir
E+IR
Zero
(b) The terminal potential difference (V) across the ends of a cell is given by V = E - Ir, where E is the emf, I is the current flowing through the circuit, and r is the internal resistance of the cell.
28. Galvanometer is converted to ammeter
When a small resistance is connected in series
When a small resistance is connected in parallel
When a large resistance is connected in series
When a large resistance is connected in parallel
(b) A galvanometer is converted to an ammeter by connecting a small resistance (shunt) in parallel with it. This allows most of the current to bypass the sensitive galvanometer coil.
29. If uncertainty in position of a particle is equal to de-Broglie wavelength λ, the uncertainty in momentum of the particle is
hλ
2h3λ
2hλ
3h2λ
(a) According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, Δx Δp ≥ h/(4π). Given Δx = λ = h/p. So, (h/p) Δp ≥ h/(4π) => Δp ≥ p/(4π) = (h/λ)/(4π) = h/(4πλ). The closest option might be related to Δx Δp ≈ h.
30. What will reduce the systematic errors when taking a measurement?
Timing 20 oscillations, rather than a single oscillations, when finding the period of a pendulum
Measuring the diameter of a wire at different points and taking the average
Reducing the parallax effects by using a marker and a mirror when measuring the amplitude of oscillation of a pendulum
Adjusting the needle on a voltmeter so that it reads zero when there is no potential difference across it
(d) Systematic errors are consistent, repeatable errors that affect the accuracy of measurements. Adjusting the needle on a voltmeter to read zero when there is no potential difference eliminates a zero error, which is a type of systematic error.
31. An organic compound containing oxygen on oxidation gives only carboxylic acid, with change of molecular mass by 14 units. The organic compound is
Primary alcohol
Secondary alcohol
Aldehyde
Ketone
(a) Primary alcohols, upon oxidation, first yield aldehydes and then carboxylic acids. The change in molecular mass from a primary alcohol (RCH₂OH) to a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) is the replacement of two hydrogen atoms by one oxygen atom. The change in molar mass is approximately 16 - 2 = 14 units.
32. Reaction between CuO and HNO3 gives
CuNO3+H2O
Cu(NO3)2+H2O
Cu(NO3)2+H2
CuNO3+H2
(b) Copper(II) oxide (CuO) is a basic oxide and reacts with nitric acid (HNO3) to form copper(II) nitrate (Cu(NO3)₂) and water (H₂O): CuO + 2HNO₃ → Cu(NO₃)₂ + H₂O.
33. Intermediate formed in Friedel Craft's alkylation of benzene is
CH3+
CH3-
Cl-
C6H5+
(a) The Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene involves the formation of a carbocation as an intermediate. When methyl chloride is used as the alkylating agent in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst (like AlCl3), the intermediate carbocation formed is CH₃⁺ (methyl carbocation).
34. How many mole atoms are there in one mole of Ca3(PO4)2?
13
5
8
1
(a) One formula unit of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ contains 3 calcium atoms, 2 phosphorus atoms, and 8 oxygen atoms (2 × 4). Total atoms = 3 + 2 + 8 = 13 atoms. Therefore, one mole of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ contains 13 moles of atoms.
35. The bonding in magnesium oxide MgO, is
Ionic and covalent
Metallic and ionic
Ionic only
Metallic and covalent
(c) Magnesium (Mg) is a metal and oxygen (O) is a nonmetal. The electronegativity difference between magnesium and oxygen is large, leading to the transfer of electrons from magnesium to oxygen and the formation of an ionic bond in magnesium oxide (MgO).
36. The correct sequence of reactions to be performed to convert benzene into m-bromoaniline is
Nitration, Bromination, Reduction
Bromination, Nitration, Reduction
Nitration, Reduction, Bromination
Reduciton, Nitration, Bromination
(a) To obtain m-bromoaniline from benzene, we first introduce the nitro group (NO₂) on benzene by nitration (using conc. HNO₃ and conc. H₂SO₄). The nitro group is meta-directing. Then, bromination (using Br₂/FeBr₃) occurs at the meta position to the nitro group, yielding m-bromonitrobenzene. Finally, reduction of the nitro group (using Sn/HCl or Fe/HCl) converts it to the amino group (NH₂), resulting in m-bromoaniline.
37. The chemical properties of an element are determined by its
Number of protons plus neutrons
Number of neutrons
Electronic structure
Number of protons
(c) The chemical properties of an element are primarily determined by the number and arrangement of electrons in its outermost shell (valence electrons), which is its electronic structure.
38. Going across the Periodic table from sodium to aluminium,
The radius of atom increases
The melting temperature increases
The radius of the metal ion increases
The bonding in the element changes from metallic to covalent
(b) As we go across the periodic table from sodium (Na) to aluminum (Al) in the third period, the atomic radius decreases due to increasing nuclear charge and electrons being added to the same energy level. The melting temperature generally increases due to increasing strength of metallic bonding (more valence electrons). The ionic radius also decreases. The bonding remains metallic.
39. When ammonium nitrate crystals dissolve in water, the entropy of the system
Remains the same
Falls, because the hydrated ions are more ordered than the solid
Rises, because the ions are arranged more randomly in the solution than in the crystal
Rises, because the ions in the crystal become hydrated in the solution
(c) When ammonium nitrate crystals dissolve in water, the highly ordered crystalline structure breaks down, and the ions (NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻) become dispersed and surrounded by water molecules (hydrated) in the solution. This leads to a significant increase in the randomness and disorder of the system, hence an increase in entropy.
40. The hydrocarbon which can react with sodium in liquid ammonia is
CH_3 CH_3 C≡CH
CH_3 CH_2 C≡CCH_2 CH_3
CH_3 CH_2 CH_2 C≡CCH_2 CH_2 CH_3
CH_3 CHCHCH_3
(a) Sodium in liquid ammonia is used for the reduction of alkynes to trans alkenes. However, terminal alkynes (alkynes with a hydrogen atom bonded to a triply bonded carbon, like CH₃C≡CH - propyne) can react with sodium in liquid ammonia to form a sodium acetylide and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen atom attached to the sp hybridized carbon is acidic enough to be abstracted by the strong base formed by sodium in liquid ammonia.
41.
2-methyl butan-2-ol
2-methyl butan-3-ol
Propan-2-ol
3-methyl butan-2-ol
()
42. The flame produced by a compound containing barium in a flame test is
Red
Yellow
Colourless
Green
(d) Compounds containing barium (Ba) impart a characteristic apple green color to a flame in a flame test.
43. For the equilibrium reaction, A+B→ C+D, △G^o=−340 KJ
Reaction is instantaneous
Equilibrium constant is more than 1
Change in entropy is negative
The reaction is not feasible
(b) A large negative value of standard free energy change (△G°) indicates that the reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions and the equilibrium position lies far to the right, meaning the equilibrium constant (K) is much greater than 1.
44. The best method for separating a mixture of amino acids in solution is
Chromatography
Solvent extraction
Distillation
Recrystallization
(a) Chromatography, particularly techniques like paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and column chromatography (especially ion-exchange chromatography), is highly effective for separating mixtures of amino acids based on their different polarities and charges.
45. A hazard that is particularly associated with alkanes is that they are
Corrosive
Flammable
Toxic by inhalation
Toxic by skin absorption
(b) Alkanes are hydrocarbons that are generally flammable and can readily burn in the presence of oxygen.
46. Nylon is a
Polyamide
Polyester
Amide
Ester
(a) Nylon is a synthetic polymer belonging to the class of polyamides, characterized by the presence of amide linkages (-CONH-) in its backbone chain.
47. Number of isotopes of Palladium is
6
7
9
11
(a) Palladium (Pd) has 6 naturally occurring isotopes: 102Pd, 104Pd, 105Pd, 106Pd, 108Pd, and 110Pd.
48. T.E.L. is used as
An anti-knock agent
It decreases efficiency of petrol
It is highly combustible
A knocking agnet
(a) T.E.L. stands for Tetraethyllead ((CH₃CH₂)₄Pb), which was historically used as an anti-knock agent in gasoline to increase its octane rating and prevent engine knocking.
49. The reaction A⇌B has an equilibrium constant of K=10^(−4). Which one of the following statemens is always correct?
The reaction will have 50% product B and 50% reactant A at equilibrium
The reaction is unfavourable and will not have very much product B at equilibrium
The reaction is very favourable and will have mostly product B at equilibrium
The equilibrium constant only relates to the speed of a reaction and not to the amount of product formed
(b) An equilibrium constant (K) less than 1 (K = 10⁻⁴ << 1) indicates that at equilibrium, the concentration of reactants is much higher than the concentration of products. Therefore, the reaction is unfavorable, and not much product B will be formed at equilibrium.
50. Formation of cyanohydrin is
Nucleophilic addition reaction
Electrophilic addition reaction
Nucleophilic substitution reaction
Electrophilic substitution reaction
(a) Cyanohydrin formation involves the addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to a carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone). The cyanide ion (CN⁻) acts as a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group, making it a nucleophilic addition reaction.
51. Which of the following set of quantum numbers is correct for 4f?
N=4. l=3, m=1, s=+1/2
n=4, l=4, m=1, s=−1/2
n=4, l=2, m=−2, s=−1/2
n=3, l=3, m=−4, s=+1/2
(a) For a 4f orbital: Principal quantum number n = 4. Azimuthal quantum number l = 3 (for f orbital). Magnetic quantum number m can have integer values from -l to +l, so m can be -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3. Spin quantum number s can be +1/2 or -1/2. Option a satisfies these conditions.
52. When chloroethane is heated with a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanol, the reaction which occurs is
Substitution
Hydrolysis
Elimination
Redox
(c) Heating a haloalkane (like chloroethane) with a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in ethanol leads to dehydrohalogenation, which is an elimination reaction, resulting in the formation of an alkene (ethene in this case).
53. Number of moles of sodium required to prepare 4.5 litres of 1.5M solution is:
6.75
0.33
0.3
67.5
(a) Molarity (M) = number of moles of solute / volume of solution (in liters). Number of moles of sodium = Molarity × Volume = 1.5 M × 4.5 L = 6.75 moles.
54. Not all molecules will absorb infrared radiation. Those that do
Undergo homolytic fission
Change their dipole moment when their bonds stretch or bend
Must be polar
Are always organic substances
(b) Molecules absorb infrared (IR) radiation if the frequency of the radiation matches the frequency of vibration of a bond in the molecule and if this vibration causes a change in the dipole moment of the molecule.
55. Chlorine has two isotopes with relative isotopic mass 35 and 37. Four m/Z values are given below. What will occur in a mass spectrum of chlorine gas, Cl2 from an ion with a single positive charge?
[The case of Cl2, peak is obtained when the two isotopes of Cl-35 and 37 combine i.e., at 72.]
35.5
36
72
71
(c) Chlorine gas exists as Cl₂ molecules. Possible combinations of isotopes in Cl₂ are 35Cl-35Cl (m/Z = 70), 35Cl-37Cl (m/Z = 72), and 37Cl-37Cl (m/Z = 74). Therefore, a peak at m/Z = 72 will occur.
56. The relative atomic weight of carbon in Na_2 CO_3 is:
12
36
48
60
(a) The relative atomic weight of carbon (C) is approximately 12 atomic mass units (amu). The formula Na₂CO₃ indicates one carbon atom per molecule.
57. Hydrated form of sodium carbonte is
Na_2 CO_3.H_2 O
Na_2 CO_4.10H_2 O
Na_2 CO_3.10H_2 O
Na_2 CO_3.(H_2 O)_5
(c) The hydrated form of sodium carbonate commonly known as washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate, with the chemical formula Na2CO3·10H2O.
58. On doubling the concentration of reactant, rate constant:
Remains same
Increases
Decreases
Double
(a) The rate constant (k) of a reaction depends on temperature and catalyst but is independent of the concentration of reactants.
59. Which of the following best defines the meaning of the term anthropogenic change? It is a change caused by
Nature
Plants
Animals
Humans
(d) Anthropogenic change refers to changes in the environment caused by human activities.
60. General method for the extraction of metal from oxide ore is
Carbon reduction
Reduction by aluminium
Reduction by hydrogen
Electrolytic reduction
(a) Carbon reduction (smelting) is a common method for extracting metals, particularly less electropositive metals like iron and zinc, from their oxide ores by heating the ore with coke or carbon monoxide.
61.
Auxin
Giberellin
Cytokinin
Ethylene
()
62. The only dicot plant having isobilateral leaves is
Eucalyptus
Wheat
Mango
Banyan
(a) Eucalyptus is a dicotyledonous plant that exhibits isobilateral leaves, where both surfaces are similar due to palisade parenchyma being present on both sides.
63. Concentric vascular bundles are:
Always open
Always closed
May be open or closed
Endarch
(b) Concentric vascular bundles, where one type of vascular tissue surrounds the other, are always closed, meaning they lack cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth.
64. Which of th efollowing moves towards the tip of root hair arising from the epidermal cells?
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosome
(b) As a root hair cell elongates to increase surface area for water absorption, the nucleus typically moves towards the growing tip to direct cellular activities and growth in that region.
65. The fusion between mother cells with daughter/ sister cells in yeast is:
Pedogamy
Pseudogamy
Adelphogamy
Conjugation
(c) Adelphogamy refers to the fusion of nuclei from sister cells or daughter cells arising from the same parent cell, which can occur in some fungi including yeast.
66. Growth of pollen tube is controlled by
Vegetative nucleus
Tube nucleus
Generative nucleus
Synergid cells
(a) The growth of the pollen tube is controlled by the vegetative nucleus (also known as the tube nucleus), which is located at the tip of the pollen tube and directs its growth towards the ovule.
67. Which food is used by fungal partner made by algal partner in lichen?
Starch
Mannitol
Glycogen
Sugar
(d) In lichens, the algal partner (phycobiont) performs photosynthesis and produces carbohydrates (sugars), such as ribitol or glucose, which are then utilized by the fungal partner (mycobiont) as a source of food.
68. The largest angiospermic family is
Compositae
Graminae
Brassicae
Liliaceae
(a) The Compositae family (also known as Asteraceae), which includes sunflowers, daisies, and asters, is the largest family of flowering plants (angiosperms) in terms of the number of species.
69. Manganese is largely found in
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell wall
(c) Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient for plants and plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, particularly in photosynthesis, where it is a component of the oxygen-evolving complex in chloroplasts.
70. Large size of thylakoid is called
Stroma lamella
Grana lamella
Grana
Loculus
(d) The thylakoid lumen, the inner space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane within chloroplasts, is also sometimes referred to as a loculus.
71. Inner layer of exine is:
Endexine
Sexine
Nexine
Tectum
(c) The exine, the outer layer of a pollen grain wall, is composed of two layers: the outer layer called sexine (formed of tectum and bacula) and the inner layer called nexine.
72. Which of following occurs in metaphase?
All the chromatids lie at same plane
Chromosomes get condense
Cells don’t divide
Nucleus and nuclear membrane reappear
(a) During metaphase of mitosis and meiosis II, all the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate, with their centromeres lying on the metaphase plate.
73. Photosynthesis is maximum in
Red light
Blue light
White lighte
Green light
(a) Photosynthesis is generally most efficient in red and blue light wavelengths because chlorophyll, the primary photosynthetic pigment, absorbs light most strongly in these regions of the visible spectrum.
74. Plants growing in Savannah biome is called:
Psilophytes
Psammophytes
Oxylophytes
Eremophytes
(d) Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees adapted to dry conditions. Plants growing in such dry environments are called xerophytes or eremophytes.
75. Movement of water along with minerals from topsoil to subsoil is
Percolation
Leaching
Conduction
Squeezing
(b) Leaching is the process by which water-soluble nutrients and minerals are washed down from the topsoil to the subsoil due to the downward movement of water through the soil profile.
76. Tallest pteridophytes is
Alsophila
Cythea
Pteris
Dryopteris
(b) Cyathea is a genus of tree ferns, which are among the tallest pteridophytes, reaching heights of up to 20 meters or more in some species.
77. Chloroplast is found in spores of
Riccia and Marchantia
Funaria and Equisetum
Funaria and Sphagnum
Funaria and Anthoceros
(d) Chloroplasts are found in the spores of Anthoceros, a hornwort belonging to the bryophytes.
78. The red algae which is not red and not marine is:
Trichodesmium erythrium
Batrachospermum
Polysiphonia
Gracillaria
(b) Batrachospermum is a genus of red algae (Rhodophyta) that is found in freshwater habitats and may appear green or brownish-green, rather than red.
79. Guard cell of the stoma is
Kidney shaped
Convex shaped
Longitudinal and cylindrical shaped
Dumb bell shaped
(a) Guard cells, which regulate the opening and closing of stomata in plant leaves, are typically kidney-shaped in dicotyledonous plants.
80. Endosperm of gymnosperm is
Haploid
Diploid
Triploid
None
(a) In gymnosperms, the endosperm develops before fertilization and is haploid, originating from the female gametophyte.
81. The hereditary character is determined by gene. It helps in synthesis of
Protein
Chromosome
DNA
Allele
(a) Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building and functioning of an organism. They often code for the synthesis of proteins, which carry out various functions in the body and determine hereditary characters.
82. Cilia is present in
Alveoli
Oesophagus
Bronchioles
Intestine
(c) The lining of the bronchioles in the respiratory system contains cilia, which are tiny hair-like structures that help to sweep mucus and trapped particles out of the airways.
83. Infective stage of Plasmodium is:
Sporozoite
Trophozoite
Merozoite
Cryptozoite
(a) The infective stage of the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria is the sporozoite, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
84. Pseudocoelom is present in
Aschelminthes
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda
(a) Aschelminthes (roundworms) are characterized by the presence of a pseudocoelom, a body cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm.
85. Excretory organ of Mollusca is
Kidney
Nephridia
Solenocytes
Flame cell
(a) The excretory organs in most molluscs are metanephridia, which are often referred to as kidneys.
86. Ascaris lumbricoides belongs to the phylum:
Nematoda
Platyhelminthe
Mollusca
Echinodermata
(a) Ascaris lumbricoides, the large roundworm that infects humans, belongs to the phylum Nematoda.
87. Honey comb like structure in the stomach of ruminant is:
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
(b) The reticulum, the second compartment of the ruminant stomach, has a honeycomb-like lining.
88. Avian influenza is:
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
(a) Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is caused by influenza A viruses that primarily infect birds.
89. Spines and Warts are adaptational features of
Terrestrial
Volant
Aquatic
Arboreal
(a) Spines and warts can be adaptations for terrestrial animals for protection against predators, camouflage, or reducing water loss in dry environments.
90. Pneumatic bones is present in
Desert
Fossorial
Volant
Cursorial
(c) Pneumatic bones, which are hollow and air-filled, are a characteristic adaptation found in birds (volant animals) to reduce their body weight for flight.
91. Tuberculosis is caused by
Salmonella
Mycobacterium
Pneumococcus
Bacterium
(b) Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
92. Migration of bird is affected by
Gonadotropic hormone
Thyrotropic hormone
Somatostatin
Adrenal hormone
(a) Gonadotropic hormones, which regulate the development and function of the reproductive organs, are known to play a role in the migratory behavior of birds, influencing the timing of migration in relation to breeding seasons.
93. Cornea transplantation is most successful because:
It is avascular i.e. devoid of blood supply
It is dead cell
It respires from atmosphere
It doesn't need nutrition
(a) Corneal transplants have a high success rate due to the cornea being avascular (lacking blood vessels), which minimizes the risk of immune rejection by the recipient's body.
94. Bile product is released in
Duodenum
Stomach
Ileum
Jejunum
(a) Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, is released into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.
95. α-cells of the pancreas secrete
Somatostatin
Insulin
Glucagon
C-peptile
(c) Alpha (α) cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas secrete the hormone glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels.
96. In which class of Arthropoda, centipede falls?
Chilopoda
Diplopoda
Onychophora
Archiannelida
(a) Centipedes belong to the class Chilopoda within the phylum Arthropoda.
97. Receptors for neurons are found at
One end of sensory neuron
Both ends of sensory neuron
All over sensory neuron
Both ends of motor neuron
(a) Sensory neurons have specialized receptors at one end (their dendrites) that detect stimuli from the environment or within the body.
98. Cyclosis in paramecium is associated with
Reproduction
Locomotion
Digestion
Excretion
(c) Cyclosis in Paramecium refers to the streaming movement of the cytoplasm within the cell, which helps in the distribution of nutrients and facilitates digestion.
99. Which of the following cannot be prevented by vaccination?
Cervical cancer
Asthma
Hepatitis B
Measles
(b) Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition involving airway inflammation and constriction, and it is not caused by an infectious agent that can be prevented by vaccination. Vaccines are designed to protect against specific infectious diseases.
100. AIDS virus attacks
Lymphocytes
T cells
Helper T cells
B cells
(c) The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, primarily targets and destroys helper T cells (CD4+ T cells), a crucial component of the immune system.
