1. Anatomy
    2. 1. Thoracic cage
    2. Respiratory muscles and Movements
    3. External Nose and Nasal cavity
    4. Paranasal Air Sinuses
    5. Pharynx
    6. Larynx
    7. Trachea
    8. Brochopulmonary segments
    9. Pleura
    10. Lung
    11. Diaphragm
    12. Histology (Epiglottis, Trachea and Lungs)
  2. Biochemistry
    3. 13. Metabolism in the Lungs
    14. Synthesis of Surfactant system in Lungs
    15. Hyaline Membrane Disease (Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
    16. Gaseous Transport and Haemoglobin
    17. Ion Electrolyte Balance
    18. Henderson Hasselbalch Equation
    19. Anion Gap (AG)
    20. Biological Oxidation
    21. Electrolyte Transport Chain
  3. Microbiology
    4. 22. Streptococcus pyogenes
    23. Corynebacterium diphtheria
    24. Streptococcus pneumonia
    25. Haemophilus influenzae
    26. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    27. Microbacterium tuberculosis
    28. Bordetella pertussis
    29. Whooping cough
    30. Viruses
    31. Orthomyxo viruses
    32. Paramyxoviruses
    33. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
    34. Adenovirus
    35. Rhinovirus
    36. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
    37. Histoplasma Capsulatum
    38. Aspergillus
    39. Cryptococcus neoformans
    40. Pneumocystis carinii
    41. Parasites
    42. Paragonimus westermani
  4. Pathology
    5. 43. Atelectasis
    44. Tuberculosis
    45. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    46. Emphysema
    47. Bronchial Asthma
    48. Bronchiectasis
    49. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
    50. Hyaline Membrane Disease
    51. Pneumonia
    52. Pneumoconiosis
    53. Bronchogenic Carcinoma
    54. Pleural Lesions
  5. Pharmacology
    6. 55. Antitussives, Expectorants and Mucolytics or Therapy of Cough
    56. Drugs used in Bronchial Asthema
    57. Nasal Decongestants and Cold remedies or Therapy of Allergic Rhinitis
    58. Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis
  6. Physiology
    7. 59. Mechanism and Mechanics of Breathing
    60. Regulation of Respiration
    61. Pulmonary circulation
    62. Pulmonary Gas exchange
    63. Gas transport and Exchange
    64. Lung compliance
    65. Pulmonary Function Tests
    66. Spirometry
    67. Applied Respiratory Physiology
    68. Abnormal Breathing
    69. Artificial Respiration
    70. Lung Defense Mechanism
Anatomy
5. Pharynx

Question Answers

Q.

Explain the cavity of Nasopharynx in relation to wall and special features of each wall.

[2059]

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The nasopharynx has a respiratory function; it is the posterior extension of the nasal cavities.

  • Location: Behind nasal cavity and above the soft palate.
  • Boundaries (Relation to wall)
    1. Anterior wall
      • Deficient and communicates with nasal cavity via choanae.
    2. Roof and Posterior wall
      • Form continuous surface that slopes downwards backwards supported by body of sphenoid, occipital bones (basilar part) and anterior arch of atlas.
      • Features
        1. Naso-pharyngeal tonsil
          • Formed by aggregation of lymphoid tissue beneath the mucus membrane.
        2. Pharyngeal bursa (Pouch of Luschka)
          • It is mucus diverticulum extending upwards into substance of naso-pharyngeal tonsil.
        3. Pharyngeal hypophysis
          • Some of nasopharyngeal roof resemble histologically to adenohypophysis.
          • Cells are derived from backward extension of Rathke's pouch (site for craniopharngioma).
    3. Floor
      • Communicates with oro-pharynx via pharyngeal isthmus.
      • Bounded infront by posterior surface and free margin of soft palate, and behind by mucous elevation of Passavant's ridge.
      • On each side: Palato-pharyngeal arch contains muscle palato-pharyngeus.
    4. Lateral wall:
      • Features:
        1. Pharngeal opening of auditory tude
        2. Tubal elevation
        3. Pharyngeal recess (Fossa of Rosenmuller)
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Q.

Write short notes on: Naso-pharynx

[2056]

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