1. Anatomy
    2. 1. Thoracic cage
    2. Respiratory muscles and Movements
    3. External Nose and Nasal cavity
    4. Paranasal Air Sinuses
    5. Pharynx
    6. Larynx
    7. Trachea
    8. Brochopulmonary segments
    9. Pleura
    10. Lung
    11. Diaphragm
    12. Histology (Epiglottis, Trachea and Lungs)
  2. Biochemistry
    3. 13. Metabolism in the Lungs
    14. Synthesis of Surfactant system in Lungs
    15. Hyaline Membrane Disease (Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
    16. Gaseous Transport and Haemoglobin
    17. Ion Electrolyte Balance
    18. Henderson Hasselbalch Equation
    19. Anion Gap (AG)
    20. Biological Oxidation
    21. Electrolyte Transport Chain
  3. Microbiology
    4. 22. Streptococcus pyogenes
    23. Corynebacterium diphtheria
    24. Streptococcus pneumonia
    25. Haemophilus influenzae
    26. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    27. Microbacterium tuberculosis
    28. Bordetella pertussis
    29. Whooping cough
    30. Viruses
    31. Orthomyxo viruses
    32. Paramyxoviruses
    33. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
    34. Adenovirus
    35. Rhinovirus
    36. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
    37. Histoplasma Capsulatum
    38. Aspergillus
    39. Cryptococcus neoformans
    40. Pneumocystis carinii
    41. Parasites
    42. Paragonimus westermani
  4. Pathology
    5. 43. Atelectasis
    44. Tuberculosis
    45. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    46. Emphysema
    47. Bronchial Asthma
    48. Bronchiectasis
    49. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
    50. Hyaline Membrane Disease
    51. Pneumonia
    52. Pneumoconiosis
    53. Bronchogenic Carcinoma
    54. Pleural Lesions
  5. Pharmacology
    6. 55. Antitussives, Expectorants and Mucolytics or Therapy of Cough
    56. Drugs used in Bronchial Asthema
    57. Nasal Decongestants and Cold remedies or Therapy of Allergic Rhinitis
    58. Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis
  6. Physiology
    7. 59. Mechanism and Mechanics of Breathing
    60. Regulation of Respiration
    61. Pulmonary circulation
    62. Pulmonary Gas exchange
    63. Gas transport and Exchange
    64. Lung compliance
    65. Pulmonary Function Tests
    66. Spirometry
    67. Applied Respiratory Physiology
    68. Abnormal Breathing
    69. Artificial Respiration
    70. Lung Defense Mechanism
Microbiology
22. Streptococcus pyogenes
CLASSIFICATION
MORPHOLOGY
  1. Gram positive cocci
  2. In chains
  3. Longest chain is formed by Streptococcus salivarius
  4. Non-capsulated
  5. Non-spore forming
  6. Non-motile
VIRULENCE FACTORS
Cell wall antigens
  1. C-carbohydrate antigen
  2. M protein
  3. M protein-associated protein (Opacity factor)
  4. Lipoteichoic acid
  5. Fimbriae and F factor (Fibronectin binding protein)
  6. Capsule
Toxins
  1. Hemolysins
    1. Streptolysin-O (SL-O)
    2. Streptolysin-S (SL-S)
  2. Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin (SPE)
    1. SPE-A
    2. SPE-B
    3. SPE-C
Enzymes
  1. Streptokinase (Fibrinolysis)
  2. Streptodornase (DNase)
  3. Hyaluronidase (spreading factor)
  4. Others
    1. NADase (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase)
    2. Serine protease
    3. C5a peptidase
    4. Neuraminidase
    5. N-acetylglucosaminidase
    6. Esterase
    7. Phosphatase
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Specimen collection
  1. Pus swab
  2. Exudates
  3. Blood
  4. Throat swab → Pharyngitis
Transport medium
Pike's medium
Direct smear microscopy
Gram staining
Gram +ve cocci in chains
Culture
Culture medium
Enriched media
Blood agar
  1. β-hemolysis
Selective media
Crystal violet blood agar
Culture smear microscopy
Gram stain
Gram +ve cocci arranged in chains
Hanging drops
Non-motile cocci
Identification
Biochemical tests
Catase test
Bacitracin sensitivity testing
Automation tests
VITEK
MALDI-TOF