1. Anatomy
    2. 1. Thoracic cage
    2. Respiratory muscles and Movements
    3. External Nose and Nasal cavity
    4. Paranasal Air Sinuses
    5. Pharynx
    6. Larynx
    7. Trachea
    8. Brochopulmonary segments
    9. Pleura
    10. Lung
    11. Diaphragm
    12. Histology (Epiglottis, Trachea and Lungs)
  2. Biochemistry
    3. 13. Metabolism in the Lungs
    14. Synthesis of Surfactant system in Lungs
    15. Hyaline Membrane Disease (Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
    16. Gaseous Transport and Haemoglobin
    17. Ion Electrolyte Balance
    18. Henderson Hasselbalch Equation
    19. Anion Gap (AG)
    20. Biological Oxidation
    21. Electrolyte Transport Chain
  3. Microbiology
    4. 22. Streptococcus pyogenes
    23. Corynebacterium diphtheria
    24. Streptococcus pneumonia
    25. Haemophilus influenzae
    26. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    27. Microbacterium tuberculosis
    28. Bordetella pertussis
    29. Whooping cough
    30. Viruses
    31. Orthomyxo viruses
    32. Paramyxoviruses
    33. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
    34. Adenovirus
    35. Rhinovirus
    36. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
    37. Histoplasma Capsulatum
    38. Aspergillus
    39. Cryptococcus neoformans
    40. Pneumocystis carinii
    41. Parasites
    42. Paragonimus westermani
  4. Pathology
    5. 43. Atelectasis
    44. Tuberculosis
    45. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    46. Emphysema
    47. Bronchial Asthma
    48. Bronchiectasis
    49. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
    50. Hyaline Membrane Disease
    51. Pneumonia
    52. Pneumoconiosis
    53. Bronchogenic Carcinoma
    54. Pleural Lesions
  5. Pharmacology
    6. 55. Antitussives, Expectorants and Mucolytics or Therapy of Cough
    56. Drugs used in Bronchial Asthema
    57. Nasal Decongestants and Cold remedies or Therapy of Allergic Rhinitis
    58. Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis
  6. Physiology
    7. 59. Mechanism and Mechanics of Breathing
    60. Regulation of Respiration
    61. Pulmonary circulation
    62. Pulmonary Gas exchange
    63. Gas transport and Exchange
    64. Lung compliance
    65. Pulmonary Function Tests
    66. Spirometry
    67. Applied Respiratory Physiology
    68. Abnormal Breathing
    69. Artificial Respiration
    70. Lung Defense Mechanism
Biochemistry
17. Ion Electrolyte Balance

1.

Causes of metabolic acidosis.

[2055]

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2.

Define:
(a) Standard bicarbonate
(b) Base excess
(c) Partial pressure
(d) Metabolic acidosis.

[2057]

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3.

Describe the role of bicarbonate buffer and phosphate buffer to maintain the pH of blood.

[]

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4.

Biochemical basis for:
(a) Lactic acidosis causes non-respiratory (metabolic) acidosis.
(b) Severe anemia causes respiratory alkalosis.

[2070, 2063]

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5.

Explain metabolic acidosis.

[]

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6.

Explain the role of phosphate and bicarbonate buffer in maintaining the pH of the blood.

[2062]

➤

7.

What is metabolic acidosis? Give at least two causes with explanation of metabolic acidosis.

[2066]

➤

8.

What is ABG? How does it help to diagnose metabolic acidosis?

[]

➤

9.

Explain respiratory acidosis and discuss the role of hemoglobin buffer in bufferisation of hydrogen ion.

[]

➤

10.

Function of buffers.

[]

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11.

Respiratory alkalosis.

[2067]

➤

12.

Respiratory acidosis.

[2067]

➤

13.

Write short notes on:
(a) Role of phosphate and bicarbonate buffer in acid-base balance
(b) Respiratory acidosis.

[2071]

➤

14.

Explain the causes of metabolic alkalosis and compensation that take place in it. What is the role of ABG in its diagnosis?

(6)

[2072]

➤

15.

Describe classification of acid-base disturbances and explain the role of lungs and kidney in regulation of pH.

[2074]

➤

16.

Describe causes of respiratory acidosis and its laboratory diagnosis.

(6)

[2075]

➤

17.

Describe differential diagnosis of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.

[]

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18.

Define the terms acidosis, alkalosis, anion gap, base excess and delta ratio.

(5)

[2077]

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