GameChanger Academy

Phylum

1. Classification of Animals

2. Protozoa

3. Porifera

4. Coelenterata

5. Platyhelminthes

6. Nemathelminthes

7. Annelida

8. Earthworm

9. Arthropoda

10. Cockroach

11. Mosquito

12. Honey bee and Silk moth

13. Mollusca

14. Echinodermata

15. Hemichordata

16. Chordata

17. Pisces

18. Amphibia

19. Frog

20. Reptile

21. Aves

22. Mammalia

23. Rabbit bone

Animal Behaviour and Adaptation

24. Animal behaviour

25. Animal adaptation

26. Migration

Developmental Biology

27. Development of Animals

28. Development of Frog

Human Biology

29. Tissues

30. Sense organs

31. Digestive system

32. Circulatory system

33. Respiratory system

34. Nervous system

35. Endocrine system

36. Reproductive system

37. Excretory system

38. Skeletal system

39. Basic concept of Immunology

40. Human diseases

Evolutionary Biology

41. Origin of Life

42. Organic Evolution

43. Theories of Evolution

44. Evolution of Human beings

45. Horse Evolution

Phylum

6. Nemathelminthes

NEMATHELMINTHES

▢ Introduction:

❖ Features:

◉ Body Structure:

Triploblastic
Bilaterally symmetrical
Vermiform
Unsegmented cylindrical
True worms

◉ Coelom:

◈ Type: Pseudocoelomate

◈ Details: Pseudocoelom or false coelom derived from embryonic blastocoel.

Fig. ladder like nervous system of platyhelmenthes

1. The space between the body wall and the alimentary canal of Ascaris is known as

[MOE 2052]

Haemocoel
Coelom
Pseudocoel
Enterocoel

❖ Body Plan:

◉ Type: Tube within a tube body plan

◉ Details:

Alimentary canals of roundworms have both mouth and anus.
Digestive tract complete.

1. Which of the following statement is true about the alimentary canal of Round worms?

[IOM 2003]

No mouth
Only have anus
Both mouth and anus
None of the above

❖ Body Organization:

◉ Grade: Organ-System grade

◉ Systems:

◈ Respiratory and Circulatory:

■ Status: Absent

■ Details:

Gaseous exchange occurs by general body surface.
So no blood.

◈ Excretory: Unique, comprised of one or two Renette cells (H-shaped cell), a set of collecting tubules (Protonephridia)

◈ Nervous: Circumpharyngeal nerve ring and six longitudinal nerve cords

◈ Reproductive:

Well developed
Dioecious with sexual dimorphism [First unisexual phylum]
Eggs with chitinous shell
Cleavage: Determinate and Spiral

▢ Body Covering:

❖ Cross Section: Body round in cross section

❖ Cuticle: Covered with transparent cuticle composed of Scleroprotein

❖ Epidermis: Syncytial epidermis present without cilia

❖ Musculature: Body wall has only longitudinal muscles

▢ Development:

❖ Growth: Auxetic growth – increase in volume of cells, not number

❖ Eutely: Body made up of fixed number of somatic cells

▢ Cephalization:

❖ Head: No distinct head

❖ Mouth: Surrounded by lips bearing sense organs

❖ Sensory Structures:

◉ Papillae: Tangoreceptor

◉ Amphid:

◈ Location: Mouth

◈ Function: Olfactoreceptor in Ascaris

◉ Phasmid:

◈ Location: Anus

◈ Function: Chemoreceptor and Glandulo-receptor

▢ Classification:

❖ Classes:

Rotifera
Gastrotricha
Kinorhycha
Nematomorpha

◈ Nematoda:

■ Groups:

Aphasmida
Phasmida

1	Phasmid: -	Phasmid: +
2	Tail: Non-glandular	Tail: Glandular
3	Examples a. Trichinella spiralis (Thread worm) • Not a blood parasite	Examples a. Ascaris lumbricoides (Round worm) b. Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm) c. Wuchreria bancrofti (Filarial worm) d. Enterobius vermicularis (Pin worm/ Thread worm/ Seat worm) e. Necator americanus (New world Hookworm) 1. Blood parasite • Hookworms are blood sucking parasites f. Trichuris trichuria (Whip worm) g. Loa loa (Eye worm) h. Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm)

1. Amphid and phasmid glands are found in:

[IOM 1997]

Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Nematode
Cockroach

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES (ROUND WORM)

▢ Ascaris:

❖ General Info:

◉ Commonality: Most common endoparasite of man

◉ Habitat in Man: Small intestine (mostly in Jejunum)

◉ Disease Caused: Ascariasis

1. Special modification of Ascaris to its parasitic mode of life Is:

[IOM 1998]

Straight and uncoiled alimentary canal
Segmented body
Resistant cuticle on the body surface
Cylindrical body

❖ Body Structure:

◉ Shape: Elongated, unsegmented cylindrical with tapering ends

◉ Sex: Dioecious with sexual dimorphism

1. The animal in which sexes can be differentiated from external morphology is

[IE 2003]

Taenia
Krait
Ascaris
Sea anemone

◉ Surface Features:

Four longitudinal streaks through semitransparent cuticle
1 mid-dorsal, 1 mid-ventral, 2 laterals

◉ Body Wall:

◈ Layers:

■ Cuticle:

Thick, four-layered
Secreted by underlying epidermis
Protects from mechanical injury and host digestive enzymes
Parasitic adaptation

■ Epidermis:

Syncytial (Coenocytic)
Forms dorsal, ventral, and lateral cords by invagination

■ Muscle Layer: Inner longitudinal muscle only (circular muscles absent)

1. The correct matching about body wall of Ascaris is:

[BPKIHS -2015]

Flame cell and circular body
Pseudocoelom and longitudinal body muscle
Longitudinal muscle and syncytial epidermis
Syncytial epidermis and diploblastic body

◉ Sexual Dimorphism:

S.N.	Male Ascaris	Female Ascaris
1	Smaller	Bigger
2	Curved tail	Straight tail
3	Cloacal aperture present	Cloacal aperture absent; anus present
4	Pineal setae present in cloacal aperture	Absent
5	55 pairs of anal papillae (50 pre-anal, 5 post-anal)	Absent
6	55 pairs of cloacal apertures (50 pre-cloacal, 5 post-cloacal)	Absent
7	3 apertures	4 apertures

❖ Mouth Structure:

◉ Type: Terminal, triradiate

◉ Lips:

1 median dorsal lip
2 ventrolateral lips

◉ Lip Details:

S.N.	Medial Dorsal Lip	Ventrolateral Lips
1	2 labial papillae (Tangoreceptor)	1 in each lip
2	Absent	1 simple lateral papilla (Chemoreceptor) in each
3	Amphid absent	Amphid (Chemoreceptor/Olfactoreceptor) in each

1. Amphids present in ventrolateral lips of Ascaris are:

[IOM-2013]

Chemoreceptors
Gustatoreceptors
Olfactoreceptors
Tactoreceptors

❖ Digestive System:

◉ Alimentary canal:

1. Which of the following statement is true about the alimentary canal of Round worms?

[IOM 2003]

No mouth
Only have anus
Both mouth and anus
None of the above

2. Special modification of Ascaris to its parasitic mode of life Is:

[IOM 1998]

Straight and uncoiled alimentary canal
Segmented body
Resistant cuticle on the body surface
Cylindrical body

❖ Excretory System:

◉ Lateral Lines: Contain excretory duct

◉ Excretory Pore: Midventral, slightly behind mouth

◉ Excretory Organ: H-shaped Renette cell

◉ Excretory Products:

Ammonia
Urea

❖ Anus and Gonopore:

◉ Female Anus: Posterior transverse

◉ Gonopore: Ventral, 1/3 from anterior end

❖ Nutrition:

◉ Type: Holozoic

◉ Feeding: Feeds on predigested food of host

◉ Digestion: Mainly extracellular

◉ Salivary Glands: Absent

◉ Reserve Food: Glycogen in syncytial epidermis

❖ Respiration:

◉ System: Absent

◉ Type: Anaerobic

❖ Circulatory System: Absent

❖ Nervous System:

◉ Structure:

Nerve ring around pharynx (circumenteric)
Nine ganglia attached to nerve ring
Includes ganglia and longitudinal nerves

❖ Sense Organs:

Labial papillae
Cervical papillae
Anal papillae
Amphids
Phasmids

❖ Reproduction:

◉ Sexuality: Dioecious / Unisexual

◉ Male Reproductive Organs:

Unpaired testis (Monorchic, Telogonic)
Only anterior part of testis functional
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Cloaca
Pineal setae
Sperm: Amoeboid, asymmetrical, no flagella

◉ Female Reproductive Organs:

Paired ovaries (Diorchic / Didelphic, Telogonic)
Oviducts
Uteri
Median vagina

❖ Life Cycle:

◉ Eggs:

◈ Fertilization: In lower part of uteri

◈ Ejection: Via feces

◈ Type: Monogenetic

◈ Structure:

Mammilated (protein coat with rippled surface)
Oval shaped
Three coverings: outer protein layer, middle chitinous shell, inner glycoside membrane

◈ Development Conditions: External (soil); requires low temperature, oxygen, moisture

◈ Viability: Infective larvae viable in soil for 2+ years

◉ Larval Development:

◈ Stages:

Zygote to first-stage juvenile in 10–14 days
First-stage larva (rhabditiform) not infective
Second-stage larva (rhabditiform) is infective after first molt inside egg
Transmission: Contaminated food/water
Viable up to 6 years in environment

◈ Hatching: In duodenum after ingestion

1. The wandering journey of Ascaris takes:

[IOM 1996]

10 days
12 days
14 days
20 days

◈ Migration:

■ Primary: Intestinal wall → hepatic portal vein → liver → heart → lungs

■ Secondary: Lungs → trachea → pharynx → intestine

■ Aberrant: Lungs → spleen/liver/lymph nodes/brain/eyes

◈ Diseases During Migration:

Appendicitis
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Brain hemorrhage

◈ Journey Duration: 3 weeks (intestine to intestine)

◉ Moulting:

Moulting	Location	Larval Stage
1st moulting	Soil	2nd instar / Infective rhabditiform larva
2nd moulting	Lungs	3rd instar larva
3rd moulting	Lungs	4th instar larva
4th moulting	Small intestine	Adult (Sexually mature)

◈ Notes:

Second and third moults occur in lungs
Final moult in intestine is essential for survival and maturation

1. Which one of the following is true for Ascaris?

[IOM 1997]

Outside -> intestine -> liver -> lungs -> trachea -> oesophagus -> intestine
Outside -> stomach -> heart -> lungs -> trachea -> intestine
Outside -> intestine -> heart -> lungs -> trachea -> intestine
None of the above

1. Which one has no intermediate agent to cause disease?

[BPKIHS-2013]

Tapeworm
Roundworm
Plasmodium
Liverfluke

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE (HOOK WORM)

▢ Hookworm:

❖ General Info:

◉ Parasitism: Monogenetic

◉ Habitat: Small intestine of human

◉ Feeding: Sanguivorous (feeds on blood)

◉ Disease Caused: Ancylostomiasis

❖ Infection:

◉ Mode: Penetration of soft skin of soles

◉ Prevention: Wearing slippers prevents infection

❖ Infective Stage: Filariform larva (3rd stage)

❖ Moulting:

Moulting	Place	Larval Stage (Filariform)
1st moulting	Soil	2nd stage Filariform larva
2nd moulting	Soil	3rd stage Filariform larva (Infective stage)
3rd moulting	Oesophagus	4th stage Filariform larva
4th moulting	Small intestine	Adult

❖ Reproduction:

S.N.	Male Hookworm	Female Hookworm
1	Copulatory bursa with bursal rays present	Absent
2	Cloaca	Anus

❖ Mouth Features:

◉ Teeth: 3 pairs total - 2 pairs ventrally and 1 pair dorsally

❖ clinical features: causes iron deficiency anaemia

1. Which of the following parasite causes iron (Fe) deficiency anaemia?

[IOM-2013]

Pinworm
Roundworm
Hookworm
Tapeworm

WUCHRERIA BANCROFTI (FILARIAL WORM)

▢ Larva: Microfilaria

▢ Causes: elephantiasis

▢ Common site of Elephantiasis: Foot

1. Filaria is a:

[IOM 1997]

Protozoa
Virus
Helminth
Bacteria

2. Filaria can be eradicated if the population of following is exterminated

[BPKIHS 2004]

Housefly
Anopheles mosquito
Cockroach
Culex mosquito

3. Which of the following disease is caused by nematodes?

[MOE 2063]

Filariasis
Amoebiasis
Leprosy
Malaria

1. Which of the following statement is true about the alimentary canal of Round worms?

[IOM 2003]

No mouth
Only have anus
Both mouth and anus
None of the above

2. Special modification of Ascaris to its parasitic mode of life Is:

[IOM 1998]

Straight and uncoiled alimentary canal
Segmented body
Resistant cuticle on the body surface
Cylindrical body

3. Filaria is a:

[IOM 1997]

Protozoa
Virus
Helminth
Bacteria

4. Which one of the following is true for Ascaris?

[IOM 1997]

Outside -> intestine -> liver -> lungs -> trachea -> oesophagus -> intestine
Outside -> stomach -> heart -> lungs -> trachea -> intestine
Outside -> intestine -> heart -> lungs -> trachea -> intestine
None of the above

5. Amphid and phasmid glands are found in:

[IOM 1997]

Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Nematode
Cockroach

6. The wandering journey of Ascaris takes:

[IOM 1996]

10 days
12 days
14 days
20 days

7. Which of the following disease is caused by nematodes?

[MOE 2063]

Filariasis
Amoebiasis
Leprosy
Malaria

8. The space between the body wall and the alimentary canal of Ascaris is known as

[MOE 2052]

Haemocoel
Coelom
Pseudocoel
Enterocoel

9. The animal in which sexes can be differentiated from external morphology is

[IE 2003]

Taenia
Krait
Ascaris
Sea anemone

10. Filaria can be eradicated if the population of following is exterminated

[BPKIHS 2004]

Housefly
Anopheles mosquito
Cockroach
Culex mosquito

11. Amphids present in ventrolateral lips of Ascaris are:

[IOM-2013]

Chemoreceptors
Gustatoreceptors
Olfactoreceptors
Tactoreceptors

12. Which one has no intermediate agent to cause disease?

[BPKIHS-2013]

Tapeworm
Roundworm
Plasmodium
Liverfluke

13. The correct matching about body wall of Ascaris is:

[BPKIHS -2015]

Flame cell and circular body
Pseudocoelom and longitudinal body muscle
Longitudinal muscle and syncytial epidermis
Syncytial epidermis and diploblastic body

14. Which of the following parasite causes iron (Fe) deficiency anaemia?

[IOM-2013]

Pinworm
Roundworm
Hookworm
Tapeworm

15. Which of the following penetrate through human skin?

[BPKIHS-2016]

E.histolytica
Roundworm
Hookworm
Tapeworm

16. In hookworm, ingested blood is prevented from clotting by formed secreted by:

[IOM-2015]

Esophageal gland
Salivary gland
Pharyngeal gland
Tonsilar gland

17. The alimentary canal of nematode is:

[IOM-2015]

only mouth
only anus
mouth & anus
No intestine

18. Hookworm infection causes the deficiency of:

[IOM-2016]

vitamin B12
Vitamin A
Iron
Folic acid

19. Filariform larva is infective stage of:

[IOM]

Ascaris
Threadworm
Tapeworm
Hookworm

20. The organism which is NOT blood parasite:

[IOM]

Plasmodium
Trypanosoma
Trichinella
L. donovani

21. After how many moults does a round worm grow into an adult in human intestine?

[KU 2014]

22. Anemia may be caused by

[KU 2012]

Hookworm
Roundworm
Earthworm
Tapeworm