1. Phylum
    2. 1. Classification of Animals
    2. Protozoa
    3. Porifera
    4. Coelenterata
    5. Platyhelminthes
    6. Nemathelminthes
    7. Annelida
    8. Earthworm
    9. Arthropoda
    10. Cockroach
    11. Mosquito
    12. Honey bee and Silk moth
    13. Mollusca
    14. Echinodermata
    15. Hemichordata
    16. Chordata
    17. Pisces
    18. Amphibia
    19. Frog
    20. Reptile
    21. Aves
    22. Mammalia
    23. Rabbit bone
  2. Animal Behaviour and Adaptation
    3. 24. Animal behaviour
    25. Animal adaptation
    26. Migration
  3. Developmental Biology
    4. 27. Development of Animals
    28. Development of Frog
  4. Human Biology
    5. 29. Tissues
    30. Sense organs
    31. Digestive system
    32. Circulatory system
    33. Respiratory system
    34. Nervous system
    35. Endocrine system
    36. Reproductive system
    37. Excretory system
    38. Skeletal system
    39. Basic concept of Immunology
    40. Human diseases
  5. Evolutionary Biology
    6. 41. Origin of Life
    42. Organic Evolution
    43. Theories of Evolution
    44. Evolution of Human beings
    45. Horse Evolution
Phylum
5. Platyhelminthes
INTRODUCTION
Members
Members of Platyhelminthes are called Flat worms because they are dorsiventrally flattened.
Study
Study of Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes is called Helminthology.
Diseases
Diseases caused by Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes is called Helminthic disease.
Habitat
Parasitic
Most members are Parasitic
Free-living
  1. Planaria (Water)
  2. Bipalium (Land)
GENERAL CHARACTERS
First Appeared Characters
  1. Triploblastic animal
  2. Bilateral symmetry
  3. Cephalization (e.g., Head of Tapeworm – Scolex)
  4. Brain is seen – Vestigial
  5. Nervous organ is Primitive ladder-like
  6. Tissue-organ level of Body-organization (e.g., Excretory organ is Flame cell)
Body Cavity
Acoelomate (Mesoderm split and filled with Parenchyma tissue)
CLASSIFICATION
Characters
Turbellaria
Trematoda (Flukeworms)
Cestoda (Tapeworms)
Mode of Life
Free-living
Parasitic
Exclusively endoparasitic
Alimentary canal
Incomplete - Without Anus (Pharynx is present in Planaria which is protrusible/ everted)
Incomplete - Without Anus
Absent
Cilia
Body is ciliated and Mucus-secreting gland
Body is not ciliated
Body is not ciliated
Body structure
Unsegmented leaf like
Unsegmented leaf like
Segmented ribbon/ tape like
Adhesive organs
No hooks nor sucker
  1. No hooks
  2. Only Suckers present (For attachment and ingestion)
  3. Oral sucker/ Anterior sucker (Used for Ingestion and Attachment)
  4. Ventral sucker/ Posterior sucker/ Acetabulum (Used for Attachment only)
  1. Both Hooks and Suckers (Only for attachment)
  2. 1 Rostellum containing 18-32 hooks (Used for attachment only) [Note: Tapeworm feed through general body surface called as Osmotrophy]
  3. 4 Suckers (Used only for attachment)
Receptors
  1. Only present in Planaria
  2. 1 pair of Auricular space (in Head) - Tastes the water (Gustatory organ or Chemoreceptor)
  3. 1 pair of Eye spot: Unit Ocelli (in between the Auricular space) - Photoreceptor (Doesn’t form image, only detects the presence of light)
X
X
Development
Direct
  1. Indirect
  2. Liverfluke (Fasciola hepatica)
    1. Miracidium - Infective stage to Secondary host (Snail) (Ciliated, Free swimming larva with X-shaped eyes)
    2. Sporocyst
    3. Redia
    4. Cercaria (Heart-shaped with bifid intestine)
    5. Metacercaria - Infective stage to Primary host (Sheep)
  3. Bloodfluke (Schistosoma)
    1. Miracidium - Infective stage to Secondary host (Snail)
    2. Sporocyst
    3. Cercaria - Infective stage to Primary host (Man) [Redia and Metacercaria stages do not occur in blood fluke]
  1. Indirect
  2. Taenia solium (Tapeworm)
    1. Oncosphere - Infective stage to Secondary host (Pig)
    2. Hexacanth (with six hooks)
    3. Cysticercus (Bladder-worm) - Infective stage to Primary host (Man)
Examples
  1. Planaria (Degesia)
  2. Bipalium
  1. Fasciola hepatica/ Sheep liverfluke [P.H. = Sheep πŸ‘, S.H. = Snail 🐌]
  2. Schistosoma/ Human Blood fluke [P.H. = Man πŸ‘¨, S.H. = Snail 🐌]
  3. Paragorimus westermani (Lung fluke)
  1. Taenia solium/ Pork tapeworm [P.H.=Man πŸ‘¨, S.H. = Pig πŸ–]
  2. Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm) [P.H = Man πŸ‘¨; S.H = Cow πŸ„/ Cattle]
  3. Echinococcus granulosa/ Dog tapeworm [P.H. = Dog πŸ•, S.H. = Sheep πŸ‘, Man πŸ‘¨, Cattle]
  4. Diphylobthrium latum (Fish tapeworm)
  5. Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf tapeworm)
PLANARIA
Planaria
Pharynx
Planaria can evert its pharynx.
Behavior
Gregarious
Planaria live in groups.
Diet
Omnivorous
Epidermis
Rhabdites
Presence of Rhabdites.
Type
Syncytial epidermis
Genital Pore
The genital pore lies posterior to the pharynx.
Regeneration
Power
Planaria have a remarkable power of regeneration.
Mechanism
Neoblasts
Neoblasts from mesoderm help in regeneration.
Processes
  1. Epimorphosis
  2. Morphollaxis
Lateral Polarity
Planaria has lateral polarity. If the head is cut longitudinally into 2 or several parts along the middle line, each part grows into a complete head, forming a several-headed Planaria. This is heteromorphosis.
Grafting
Pieces of one Planaria can also be grafted into another.
Reproduction
Sexual
Hermaphroditism
Planaria are hermaphrodite.
Eggs
Eggs are ectolecithal (i.e., yolk is deposited outside).
Fertilization
Internal
Cleavage
Spiral
Asexual
Binary fission
LIVER FLUKE
Fasciola hepatica
Residence
Bile passages in the liver of sheep
Epidermis
Type
Syncytial
Excretory System
Excretory Organ
Flame cells (Solenocytes)
Connection
Flame cells are connected to excretory canals by their canaliculi.
Excretory Products
  1. CO2
  2. NH3
  3. Fatty acids
Excretory Pore
Opens at the extreme posterior end of the body.
Reproduction
Type
Bisexual (Hermaphrodite)
Complexity
Reproductive systems are extremely well-developed and quite complex.
Copulation
Mid-dorsal part contains a minute pore for copulation.
Male Reproductive Organs
Female Reproductive Organs
1 pair of testes
  1. Highly branched
  2. Tandem in position (i.e., lying one behind the other)
Single ovary
  1. Situated in right half of body
Cirrus (Muscular penis)
Act as Male copulatory organ
Laurer’s canal
Act as Temporary vagina (Appears only during Breeding season)
Genital pore/ Gonopore
(Located between the two suckers)
Vitelline glands
  1. (i) Produces Yolk
  2. (ii) Provides nutrition to eggs
Mehlis gland/ Shell gland
  1. (i) Makes egg hard
  2. (ii) Provides lubrication of egg for passage
Life Cycle
Type
Digenetic
Primary Host
Host
Sheep
Disease
Liver rot
Related Disease
Fasciolopsis is caused by Fasciola busci.
Treatment
Fasciola infection can be treated with the veterinary Fasciolide triclabendazole.
Secondary Host
Host
Snail
Impact
Fasciola is harmless to snails but is pathogenic in vertebrate hosts, including man (rarely).
Larval Stages
  1. Sporocyst gives rise to Redia
  2. Redia to Cercaria
  3. Cercaria is transformed into Metacercaria
Phenomenon
This phenomenon is Polyembryony.
Alternation
  1. Fasciola exhibits both alternation of generation and alternation of host.
Water Dependency
Fasciola cannot complete its lifecycle in the absence of water due to the lack of snails.
BLOOD FLUKE
Schistosoma
Species Infecting Humans
  1. Schistosoma haematobium
  2. Schistosoma mansoni
  3. Schistosoma japonicum
Old Name
Bilharzia
Discovery
Discoverer
Theodor Bilhartz (German parasitologist)
Significance
Discovered S. haematobium responsible for urinary schistosomiasis.
Impact
Schistosoma haematobium causes kidney damage.
Location in Human Body
  1. Small branches of urinary bladder
  2. Urinary tract
  3. Mesenteric veins
  4. Portal veins
  5. Lymph nodes
Reproduction
Type
Dioecious with well-defined sexual dimorphism
Male Characteristics
Smaller and thicker
Female Characteristics
Longer, slender, and cylindrical
Unique Feature
Female is lodged in the Gynaecophoral canal of male.
Life Cycle
Type
Digenetic
Primary Host
Man
Secondary Host
Balinus or other snails
Egg Development
The eggs pass out from man with urine or faeces and hatch when they come in contact with water.
Disease
Name
Schistosomiasis or Bilharziasis
Infection Method
Caused by either penetration of Cercaria through the skin or by contaminated water.
Severe Condition
Blood flukes sometimes produce a severe cercarial dermatitis called 'Swimmer's itch'.
Symptoms
  1. Skin rash
  2. Bronchial cough
  3. Anaemia
  4. Haematuria
  5. Bloody stool
Treatment
Praziquantel
TAPEWORM
Tapeworm
Body Structure
Shape
Elongated ribbon or tape-like segmented body (pseudometamerism)
Parts
    ● Part: Head (Scolex)
    ● Features:
    1. Apical part of Scolex is Rostellum
    2. Rostellum bears two circles of chitinous hooks (28-32)
    3. Four suckers or Acetabula
    4. Suckers and hooks are for attachment with the host body
    ● Part: Neck
    ● Features:
    1. Unsegmented part
    2. New segments are formed in this region (Budding zone or Proliferation zone)
    3. Narrowest part of the body
    ● Part: Strobila
    ● Features:
    1. Main body made of 800-1000 similar rectangular segments called Proglottids
    2. Youngest segments lie near the neck, oldest lie at the rear end
    3. Three types of proglottids: Young (Male organs), Mature (Male and Female organs), Gravid (Branched uterus with fertilized eggs)
    4. Gravid proglottids detach one by one and pass out with host faeces (Apolysis)
Body Walls
Lacks
Cellular epidermis
Consists of
  1. Cuticle (Parasitic adaptation)
  2. Musculature
  3. Parenchyma (Mesodermal tissue)
    4. ⟣ Outer Layer: Cortical parenchyma with Lime secreting gland cells
    ⟣ Inner Layer: Medullary parenchyma with internal organs
Body Cavity
Absent (Acoelomate)
Nutrition
Type
Osmotrophy
Details
  1. No digestive system
  2. Depends on predigested food absorbed from host's gut through the cuticle
  3. Cuticle protects from host's digestive enzymes
Respiration
Type
Anaerobic
Excretion
System
Longitudinal and cross-connecting excretory canals
Products
  1. Ammonia
  2. Fatty acids
Excretory Organs
Flame cells
Reproduction
Type
Hermaphrodite
Details
  1. A complete reproductive system occurs in each mature proglottid
  2. Fertilization can occur within the same proglottid or between proglottids of the same strobila
  3. Larval stages: Oncosphere, Hexacanth (with six hooks), Cysticercus (Bladder-worm)
Life Cycle
  1. Each fertilized egg develops into Oncosphere larva within the proglottid
  2. Oncospheres pass out through host faeces
  3. Secondary host (Pig) ingests oncospheres
  4. Hexacanth is released in pig's stomach, travels through blood, and encysts in muscles as Bladderworm (Cysticercus)
  5. Humans get infected by eating raw or poorly cooked 'Measly pork' (infected pork)
  6. Cysticercus in pig muscles can remain viable for several years
  7. Cysticercus develops into an adult tapeworm in human intestine
Taenia saginata
Common Name
Beef tapeworm
Host Details
  1. Primary host: Man
  2. Secondary host: Cattle
Differences
  1. Called 'Unarmed tapeworm' because the scolex does not possess hooks
  2. More prevalent and longer than Taenia solium
Diseases
    β–  Name: Taeniasis
    β–  Symptoms:
    1. Abdominal pain
    2. Nausea
    3. Anaemia
    4. Loss of appetite
    5. Indigestion
    6. Eosinophilia
    7. Nervous disorders
    β–  Treatment:
    1. Yomesan
    2. Camoquin
    3. Antiphen
    β–  Name: Cysticercosis
    β–  Details:
    1. Caused by bladderworm (Cysticercus)
    2. More dangerous than taeniasis
    3. Encystment occurs in organs such as cardiac muscle, liver, eyes, and brain
S.N.
Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm)
Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)
Echinococcus granulosa (Dog tapeworm/ Hydatid worm)
Diphylobothrium latum (Fish tapeworm)
Hymenolepsis nana (Dwarf tapeworm)
Unique
Longest tapeworm in human
Shortest tapeworm in human
1. Residence of Adult tapeworm
Small intestine of human
Small intestine of human
Small intestine of dog, wolf, jackal, hyena, fox
2. Residence of Larva
Muscles of Pig/ Brain or Eye muscles of human
Muscles of cow or buffalo
Liver/ Lungs/ Muscles of sheep/ human
3. Primary host/ Definite host
Human
Human
Canine animals like dog, wolf, jackal, etc.
β€’ Trigenetic
Human
A) Human
4. Secondary host
Pig
Cow/ Buffalo
Sheep/ Human/ Cattle
B) Fish
The life cycle is simple without any intermediate host but flour beetles and fleas may serve as the intermediate host.
C) Cyclops
6. Size
2-3 meter
5-8 meter
4-6 millimeter
5. Human acts as
Definitive + Intermediate host
Definite host
Intermediate host
7. Scolex
- Presence of Rostellum with hooks + hooklets
- Absent
- Absent
- Suckers present
- Present
- Present
8. No. of proglottids
900-1000
1800-2000
3 or 4
- Immature = 1
- Mature = 1
- Gravid = 1 or 2
9. Mode of Transmission
- By measly meat of pig;
By meat of cow/ buffalo
- By contaminated food/ water;
- By contaminated water/ food (Cystericercosis)
- By direct contact with infected dogs
10. Infective stage
Cystercercus cellulosae
Cystercercus bovis
Hydatid cyst (Hexacanth larva)
11. Diseases
- Adult = Taeniasis
- Adult = Taeniasis
- Adult = ………
- Larva = Cystercercosis
- Larva = ……
- Larva = Hydatid disease/ Echinococcosis
12. Eggs
Are infective
Not infective
Are infective
13. Susceptibility
Both vegetarians and Non-vegetarians are affected
Only non-vegetarians are affected
All (Including those in contact with dogs are affected
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Multiple Choice Questions

1.

[IOM 2006]

2.

[IOM 2006]

3.

[IOM 2004]

4.

[IOM 2001]

5.

[IOM 2001/BPKIHS 04, 05, 07]

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[IOM 2000]

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[IOM 2000]

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[IOM 1998]

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[IOM 1999]

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[MOE 2063]

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[MOE 2062]

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[MOE 2061]

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[MOE 2002]

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[BPKIHS 2000]

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[I.E. 2004]

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[IOM 2007]

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[MOE 1999, 2001]

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[IOM-2014]

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[BPKIHS -2015]

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[IOM-2015]

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[IOM-2016]

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[MOE 2014]

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[KU 2012]

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