1. Phylum
    2. 1. Classification of Animals
    2. Protozoa
    3. Porifera
    4. Coelenterata
    5. Platyhelminthes
    6. Nemathelminthes
    7. Annelida
    8. Earthworm
    9. Arthropoda
    10. Cockroach
    11. Mosquito
    12. Honey bee and Silk moth
    13. Mollusca
    14. Echinodermata
    15. Hemichordata
    16. Chordata
    17. Pisces
    18. Amphibia
    19. Frog
    20. Reptile
    21. Aves
    22. Mammalia
    23. Rabbit bone
  2. Animal Behaviour and Adaptation
    3. 24. Animal behaviour
    25. Animal adaptation
    26. Migration
  3. Developmental Biology
    4. 27. Development of Animals
    28. Development of Frog
  4. Human Biology
    5. 29. Tissues
    30. Sense organs
    31. Digestive system
    32. Circulatory system
    33. Respiratory system
    34. Nervous system
    35. Endocrine system
    36. Reproductive system
    37. Excretory system
    38. Skeletal system
    39. Basic concept of Immunology
    40. Human diseases
  5. Evolutionary Biology
    6. 41. Origin of Life
    42. Organic Evolution
    43. Theories of Evolution
    44. Evolution of Human beings
    45. Horse Evolution
Phylum
5. Platyhelminthes
PLATYHELMINTHES
▢ Introduction:
❖ Members: Members of Platyhelminthes are called Flat worms because they are dorsiventrally flattened.
❖ Study: Study of Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes is called Helminthology.
❖ Diseases: Diseases caused by Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes is called Helminthic disease.
❖ Habitat:
◉ Parasitic: Most members are Parasitic
◉ Free-living:
  1. Planaria (Water)
  2. Bipalium (Land)
▢ General Characters:
❖ First Appeared Characters:
  1. Triploblastic animal
  2. Bilateral symmetry
  3. Cephalization (e.g., Head of Tapeworm – Scolex)
  4. Brain is seen – Vestigial
    5. Image 1
    Fig. ladder like nervous system of platyhelmenthes
    Credit. Rs' Science
    1. Flatworms are
    • Diploblastic and acoelomates
    • Diploblastic and coelomates
    • Triploblastic and acoelomates
    • Triploblastic and coelomates
  5. Nervous organ is Primitive ladder-like
  6. Tissue-organ level of Body-organization (e.g., Excretory organ is Flame cell)
    7. Image 1
    Fig. flame cells (excretory organ of platyhelmenthes)
❖ Body Cavity: Acoelomate (Mesoderm split and filled with Parenchyma tissue)
▢ Classification:
Characters
Turbellaria
Trematoda (Flukeworms)
Cestoda (Tapeworms)
Mode of Life
Free-living
Parasitic
Exclusively endoparasitic
Alimentary canal
Incomplete - Without Anus (Pharynx is present in Planaria which is protrusible/ everted)
Incomplete - Without Anus
Absent
Cilia
Body is ciliated and Mucus-secreting gland
Body is not ciliated
Body is not ciliated
Body structure
Unsegmented leaf like
Unsegmented leaf like
Segmented ribbon/ tape like
Adhesive organs
No hooks nor sucker
  1. No hooks
  2. Only Suckers present (For attachment and ingestion)
  3. Oral sucker/ Anterior sucker (Used for Ingestion and Attachment)
  4. Ventral sucker/ Posterior sucker/ Acetabulum (Used for Attachment only)
  1. Both Hooks and Suckers (Only for attachment)
  2. 1 Rostellum containing 18-32 hooks (Used for attachment only) [Note: Tapeworm feed through general body surface called as Osmotrophy]
  3. 4 Suckers (Used only for attachment)
Receptors
  1. Only present in Planaria
  2. 1 pair of Auricular space (in Head) - Tastes the water (Gustatory organ or Chemoreceptor)
  3. 1 pair of Eye spot: Unit Ocelli (in between the Auricular space) - Photoreceptor (Doesn’t form image, only detects the presence of light)
X
X
Development
Direct
  1. Indirect
  2. Liverfluke (Fasciola hepatica)
    1. Miracidium - Infective stage to Secondary host (Snail) (Ciliated, Free swimming larva with X-shaped eyes)
    2. Sporocyst
    3. Redia
    4. Cercaria (Heart-shaped with bifid intestine)
    5. Metacercaria - Infective stage to Primary host (Sheep)
  3. Bloodfluke (Schistosoma)
    1. Miracidium - Infective stage to Secondary host (Snail)
    2. Sporocyst
    3. Cercaria - Infective stage to Primary host (Man) [Redia and Metacercaria stages do not occur in blood fluke]
  1. Indirect
  2. Taenia solium (Tapeworm)
    1. Oncosphere - Infective stage to Secondary host (Pig)
    2. Hexacanth (with six hooks)
    3. Cysticercus (Bladder-worm) - Infective stage to Primary host (Man)
Examples
  1. Planaria (Dugesia)
  2. Bipalium
  1. Fasciola hepatica/ Sheep liverfluke [P.H. = Sheep 🐑, S.H. = Snail 🐌]
  2. Schistosoma/ Human Blood fluke [P.H. = Man 👨, S.H. = Snail 🐌]
  3. Paragorimus westermani (Lung fluke)
  1. Taenia solium/ Pork tapeworm [P.H.=Man 👨, S.H. = Pig 🐖]
  2. Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm) [P.H = Man 👨; S.H = Cow 🐄/ Cattle]
  3. Echinococcus granulosa/ Dog tapeworm [P.H. = Dog 🐕, S.H. = Sheep 🐑, Man 👨, Cattle]
  4. Diphylobthrium latum (Fish tapeworm)
  5. Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf tapeworm)
1. Tapeworm using pig as an intermediate host is:
  • Taenia solium
  • Taenia saginata
  • Hymenolopsis nana
  • Wuchereria bancroft
2. Flame cells are present as excretory organs in:
  • Annelida
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Porifera
  • Mammals
3. Flattened leaf like body belongs to:
  • Cestods
  • Nematods
  • Trematods
  • Cephalopod
4. Tape worm falls in class
  • Turbellaria
  • Trematoda
  • Cestoda
  • None
5. In which class of platyhelminthes, alimentary canal is
  • Trematoda
  • Turbellaria
  • Cestoda
  • Anthozoa
6. Pseudocoelom is found in:
  • Cnidaria
  • Nematoda
  • Nemathelmenthis
  • Annelids
7. Which one of the following animal phyla does not possess a coelom.
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Mollusca
  • Annelida
  • Echinodermata
8. Flatworms are
  • Diploblastic and acoelomates
  • Diploblastic and coelomates
  • Triploblastic and acoelomates
  • Triploblastic and coelomates
9. All worms are
  • Free-living
  • Parasites
  • Triploblastic
  • Marine
10. Body is unsegmented in
  • Planaria
  • Mesostoma
  • Schistosoma
  • All of these
11. What is common amongst tapeworm, liver fluke and planarian?
  • They are all found in gut
  • They are all segmented
  • They all have flattened body
  • They all have a coelom
12. The excretory structures of flatworms are
  • Malpighian tubules
  • Green glands
  • Metanephridia
  • Flame cells
13. In flatworms, the excretory organs are
  • Archaeocytes
  • Solenocytes
  • Nephrons
  • Nephridia
14. Flame cells are used for
  • Osmoregulation
  • Excretion
  • Both of these
  • None of these
15. In platyhelminthes
  • Nerve cords are present
  • Nerve cords are absent
  • Nerve nets are present
  • All are present
16. Classification of flatworms is based on
  • Mode of life
  • Presence of gut
  • Cilia on body
  • All of these
17. Class Trematoda includes
  • Roundworms
  • All flatworms
  • All worms
  • Flukes
18. Alimentary canal is absent in animals of the class
  • Arachnida
  • Cestoda
  • Trematoda
  • Apoda
PLANARIA (DUGESIA)
Image 1
▢ Habit:
❖ Gregarious: Planaria live in groups.
▢ Habitat: Free-living
▢ Diet: Omnivorous
▢ Pharynx: Planaria can evert its pharynx.
▢ Epidermis:
❖ Rhabdites: Presence of Rhabdites.
❖ Type: Syncytial epidermis
▢ Genital Pore: The genital pore lies posterior to the pharynx.
▢ Regeneration:
Image 1
Fig. Regeneration of Planari
Credit. Rs' Science
❖ Power: Planaria have a remarkable power of regeneration.
❖ Mechanism:
◉ Neoblasts: Neoblasts from mesoderm help in regeneration.
◉ Processes:
  1. Epimorphosis
  2. Morphollaxis
◉ Lateral Polarity: Planaria has lateral polarity. If the head is cut longitudinally into 2 or several parts along the middle line, each part grows into a complete head, forming a several-headed Planaria. This is heteromorphosis.
◉ Grafting: Pieces of one Planaria can also be grafted into another.
▢ Reproduction:
❖ Sexual:
◉ Hermaphroditism: Planaria are hermaphrodite.
◉ Eggs: Eggs are ectolecithal (i.e., yolk is deposited outside).
◉ Fertilization: Internal
◉ Cleavage: Spiral
❖ Asexual: Binary fission
1. Body is unsegmented in
  • Planaria
  • Mesostoma
  • Schistosoma
  • All of these
2. What is common amongst tapeworm, liver fluke and planarian?
  • They are all found in gut
  • They are all segmented
  • They all have flattened body
  • They all have a coelom
3. Which one of the following exhibits high power of regeneration?
  • Planaria
  • Leech
  • Earthworm
  • Roundworm
4. Which is a free living fresh water flatworm?
  • Planaria
  • Schistosoma
  • Fasciola
  • Taenia
5. Pharynx can be everted in
  • Planaria
  • Liverfluke
  • Starfish
  • Tapeworm
6. In platyhelminthes
  • Nerve cords are present
  • Nerve cords are absent
  • Nerve nets are present
  • All are present
LIVER FLUKE
▢ Body Structure:
Image 1
Fig. structure of liver fluke
Credit. study and score
❖ Shape: Leaf-shaped, dorsoventrally flattened
❖ Length: 2–3 cm
❖ Suckers:
◉ Oral sucker: Around mouth, used for attachment and feeding
◉ Ventral sucker: Slightly behind oral sucker, helps in attachment
▢ Habit: Bile passages in the liver of sheep
▢ Epidermis:
❖ Type: Syncytial
▢ Excretory System:
❖ Excretory Organ: Flame cells (Solenocytes)
❖ Connection: Flame cells are connected to excretory canals by their canaliculi.
❖ Excretory Products:
  1. CO2
  2. NH3
  3. Fatty acids
❖ Excretory Pore: Opens at the extreme posterior end of the body.
▢ Reproduction:
❖ Type: Bisexual (Hermaphrodite)
❖ Complexity: Reproductive systems are extremely well-developed and quite complex.
❖ Copulation: Mid-dorsal part contains a minute pore for copulation.
Male Reproductive Organs
Female Reproductive Organs
1 pair of testes
  1. Highly branched
  2. Tandem in position (i.e., lying one behind the other)
Single ovary
  1. Situated in right half of body
Cirrus (Muscular penis)
Act as Male copulatory organ
Laurer’s canal
Act as Temporary vagina (Appears only during Breeding season)
Genital pore/ Gonopore
(Located between the two suckers)
Vitelline glands
  1. (i) Produces Yolk
  2. (ii) Provides nutrition to eggs
Mehlis gland/ Shell gland
  1. (i) Makes egg hard
  2. (ii) Provides lubrication of egg for passage
1. Vitelline glands are found in:
  • Nereis
  • Pila globosa
  • Taenia solium
  • Fasciola hepatica
2. Fasciola hepatica is
  • Hermaphrodite with self fertilization
  • Hermaphrodite with cross fertilization
  • Unisexual
  • Sexually sterile
3. Laurer's canal is present in
  • Ascaris
  • Taenia
  • Schistosoma
  • Fasciola
▢ Life Cycle:
Image 1
Fig. Regeneration of Planari
Credit. cdc
❖ Type: Digenetic
❖ Primary Host:
◉ Host: Sheep
◉ Disease: Liver rot
◉ Related Disease: Fasciolopsis is caused by Fasciola busci.
◉ Treatment: Fasciola infection can be treated with the veterinary Fasciolide triclabendazole.
❖ Secondary Host:
◉ Host: Snail
◉ Impact: Fasciola is harmless to snails but is pathogenic in vertebrate hosts, including man (rarely).
❖ Larval Stages:
  1. Sporocyst gives rise to Redia
  2. Redia to Cercaria
  3. Cercaria is transformed into Metacercaria
1. Free swimming ciliated stage of liver fluke is
  • Redia
  • Miracidium
  • Metacercaria
  • Cercaria
2. Fasciola hepatica is a digenetic parasite. Sheep and snail are two hosts. Snail is
  • Vector host
  • Reservoir host
  • Paratenic host
  • Intermediate host
3. Bilaterally symmetrical but acoelomate animal is
  • Liver fluke
  • Jellyfish
  • Roundworm
  • Crab
4. The liver fluke is a flatworm found commonly in
  • Liver of man
  • Gall bladder of man
  • Liver of cattle
  • Bile duct of sheep
5. The intermediate host of liverfluke is:
  • Man
  • Sheep
  • Dog
  • Snail
6. Fasciola hepatica is a digenetic parasite. Sheep and snail are two hosts. Snail is
  • Vector host
  • Reservoir host
  • Paratenic host
  • Intermediate host
❖ Phenomenon: This phenomenon is Polyembryony.
❖ Alternation:
  1. Fasciola exhibits both alternation of generation and alternation of host.
❖ Water Dependency: Fasciola cannot complete its lifecycle in the absence of water due to the lack of snails.
BLOOD FLUKE
▢ Species Infecting Humans:
  1. Schistosoma haematobium
  2. Schistosoma mansoni
  3. Schistosoma japonicum
▢ Old Name: Bilharzia
▢ Discovery:
❖ Discoverer: Theodor Bilhartz (German parasitologist)
❖ Significance: Discovered S. haematobium responsible for urinary schistosomiasis.
❖ Impact: Schistosoma haematobium causes kidney damage.
▢ Location in Human Body:
  1. Small branches of urinary bladder
  2. Urinary tract
  3. Mesenteric veins
  4. Portal veins
  5. Lymph nodes
▢ Reproduction:
❖ Type: Dioecious with well-defined sexual dimorphism
❖ Male Characteristics: Smaller and thicker
❖ Female Characteristics: Longer, slender, and cylindrical
❖ Unique Feature: Female is lodged in the Gynaecophoral canal of male.
Image 1
Fig. Regeneration of Planari
Credit. cdc
▢ Life Cycle:
❖ Type: Digenetic
❖ Primary Host: Man
❖ Secondary Host: Balinus or other snails
❖ Egg Development: The eggs pass out from man with urine or faeces and hatch when they come in contact with water.
▢ Disease:
❖ Name: Schistosomiasis or Bilharziasis
❖ Infection Method: Caused by either penetration of Cercaria through the skin or by contaminated water.
❖ Severe Condition: Blood flukes sometimes produce a severe cercarial dermatitis called 'Swimmer's itch'.
▢ Symptoms:
  1. Skin rash
  2. Bronchial cough
  3. Anaemia
  4. Haematuria
  5. Bloody stool
▢ Treatment: Praziquantel
1. Infective stage of blood fluke is
  • Metacercaria
  • Cercaria
  • Cysticercus
  • Metamerism
2. The intermediate host of Schistosoma is
  • Snail
  • Mosquito
  • Housefly
  • Cockroach
3. Female Schistosoma is lodged in ....... canal of male:
  • Inguinal canal
  • Laurer's canal
  • Gynophoric canal
  • None
TAPEWORM
Taenia solium
▢ Body Structure:
❖ Shape: Elongated ribbon or tape-like segmented body (pseudometamerism)
❖ Parts:
    ◈ Part: Head (Scolex)
    ◈ Features:
    1. Apical part of Scolex is Rostellum
    2. Rostellum bears two circles of chitinous hooks (28-32)
    3. Four suckers or Acetabula
    4. Suckers and hooks are for attachment with the host body
    ◈ Part: Neck
    ◈ Features:
    1. Unsegmented part
    2. New segments are formed in this region (Budding zone or Proliferation zone)
    3. Narrowest part of the body
    ◈ Part: Strobila
    ◈ Features:
    1. Main body made of 800-1000 similar rectangular segments called Proglottids
    2. Youngest segments lie near the neck, oldest lie at the rear end
    3. Three types of proglottids: Young (Male organs), Mature (Male and Female organs), Gravid (Branched uterus with fertilized eggs)
    4. Gravid proglottids detach one by one and pass out with host faeces (Apolysis)
❖ Body Walls:
◉ Lacks: Cellular epidermis
◉ Consists of:
  1. Cuticle (Parasitic adaptation)
  2. Musculature
  3. Parenchyma (Mesodermal tissue)
    4. ■ Outer Layer: Cortical parenchyma with Lime secreting gland cells
    ■ Inner Layer: Medullary parenchyma with internal organs
◉ Body Cavity: Absent (Acoelomate)
▢ Nutrition:
❖ Type: Osmotrophy
❖ Details:
  1. No digestive system
  2. Depends on predigested food absorbed from host's gut through the cuticle
  3. Cuticle protects from host's digestive enzymes
▢ Respiration:
❖ Type: Anaerobic
▢ Excretion:
❖ System: Longitudinal and cross-connecting excretory canals
❖ Products:
  1. Ammonia
  2. Fatty acids
❖ Excretory Organs: Flame cells
▢ Reproduction:
❖ Type: Hermaphrodite
❖ Details:
  1. A complete reproductive system occurs in each mature proglottid
  2. Fertilization can occur within the same proglottid or between proglottids of the same strobila
  3. Larval stages: Oncosphere, Hexacanth (with six hooks), Cysticercus (Bladder-worm)
Image 1
Fig. lifecycle of taenia solium
Credit. CDC
▢ Life Cycle:
  1. Each fertilized egg develops into Oncosphere larva within the proglottid
  2. Oncospheres pass out through host faeces
  3. Secondary host (Pig) ingests oncospheres
  4. Hexacanth is released in pig's stomach, travels through blood, and encysts in muscles as Bladderworm (Cysticercus)
  5. Humans get infected by eating raw or poorly cooked 'Measly pork' (infected pork)
  6. Cysticercus in pig muscles can remain viable for several years
  7. Cysticercus develops into an adult tapeworm in human intestine
1. Tapeworm using pig as an intermediate host is:
  • Taenia solium
  • Taenia saginata
  • Hymenolopsis nana
  • Wuchereria bancroft
2. Tapeworm using pig as an intermediate host is:
  • Taenia solium
  • Taenia saginata
  • Hymenolopsis nana
  • Wuchereria bancroft
3. Body segment of Taenia solium is:
  • Proglottid
  • Scolex
  • Rostellum
  • Acetabulum
4. Common name of Taenia solium is:
  • Dog tape worm
  • Pork tape worm
  • Fish tape worm
  • Beef tape worm
5. Vitelline glands are found in:
  • Nereis
  • Pila globosa
  • Taenia solium
  • Fasciola hepatica
Taenia saginata
▢ Common Name: Beef tapeworm
▢ Host Details:
  1. Primary host: Man
  2. Secondary host: Cattle
▢ Differences:
  1. Called 'Unarmed tapeworm' because the scolex does not possess hooks
  2. More prevalent and longer than Taenia solium
▢ Diseases:
Image 1
Fig. Regeneration of Planari
Credit. Rs' Science
❖ Taeniasis:
❖ Cysticercosis:
  1. Caused by bladderworm (Cysticercus)
  2. More dangerous than taeniasis
  3. Encystment occurs in organs such as cardiac muscle, liver, eyes, and brain
1. Tapeworm using pig as an intermediate host is:
  • Taenia solium
  • Taenia saginata
  • Hymenolopsis nana
  • Wuchereria bancroft
2. Taenia saginata differs from T. solium mainly in absence of
  • Scolex
  • Suckers upon scolex
  • Hooks upon scolex
  • None of these
3. Diphyllobothrium of phylum platyhelminthes is known as:
  • Fish tapeworm
  • Pork tapeworm
  • Dog tape worm
  • Dwarf tape worm
4. The hydatid disease in man is caused by the larva of
  • Fasciola hepatica
  • Ascaris
  • Echinococcus granulosus
  • Schistosoma
5. Which one of the following parasites has only one host in its life cycle?
  • Hymenolepis nana
  • Fasciola hepatica
  • Plasmodium vivax
  • Wuchereria bancrofti
S.N.
Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm)
Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)
Echinococcus granulosa (Dog tapeworm/ Hydatid worm)
Diphylobothrium latum (Fish tapeworm)
Hymenolepsis nana (Dwarf tapeworm)
Unique
Longest tapeworm in human
Shortest tapeworm in human
1. Residence of Adult tapeworm
Small intestine of human
Small intestine of human
Small intestine of dog, wolf, jackal, hyena, fox
2. Residence of Larva
Muscles of Pig/ Brain or Eye muscles of human
Muscles of cow or buffalo
Liver/ Lungs/ Muscles of sheep/ human
3. Primary host/ Definite host
Human
Human
Canine animals like dog, wolf, jackal, etc.
• Trigenetic
Human
A) Human
4. Secondary host
Pig
Cow/ Buffalo
Sheep/ Human/ Cattle
B) Fish
The life cycle is simple without any intermediate host but flour beetles and fleas may serve as the intermediate host.
C) Cyclops
6. Size
2-3 meter
5-8 meter
4-6 millimeter
5. Human acts as
Definitive + Intermediate host
Definite host
Intermediate host
7. Scolex
- Presence of Rostellum with hooks + hooklets
- Absent
- Absent
- Suckers present
- Present
- Present
8. No. of proglottids
900-1000
1800-2000
3 or 4
- Immature = 1
- Mature = 1
- Gravid = 1 or 2
9. Mode of Transmission
- By measly meat of pig;
By meat of cow/ buffalo
- By contaminated food/ water;
- By contaminated water/ food (Cystericercosis)
- By direct contact with infected dogs
10. Infective stage
Cystercercus cellulosae
Cystercercus bovis
Hydatid cyst (Hexacanth larva)
11. Diseases
- Adult = Taeniasis
- Adult = Taeniasis
- Adult = ………
- Larva = Cystercercosis
- Larva = ……
- Larva = Hydatid disease/ Echinococcosis
12. Eggs
Are infective
Not infective
Are infective
13. Susceptibility
Both vegetarians and Non-vegetarians are affected
Only non-vegetarians are affected
All (Including those in contact with dogs are affected
1. Diphyllobothrium of phylum platyhelminthes is known as:
  • Fish tapeworm
  • Pork tapeworm
  • Dog tape worm
  • Dwarf tape worm
1. Diphyllobothrium of phylum platyhelminthes is known as:
  • Fish tapeworm
  • Pork tapeworm
  • Dog tape worm
  • Dwarf tape worm
2. Liver-rot is caused by:
  • Fasciola
  • Schistosoma
  • Taenia
  • Echinococcus
3. Tapeworm using pig as an intermediate host is:
  • Taenia solium
  • Taenia saginata
  • Hymenolopsis nana
  • Wuchereria bancroft
4. Body segment of Taenia solium is:
  • Proglottid
  • Scolex
  • Rostellum
  • Acetabulum
5. Flame cells are present as excretory organs in:
  • Annelida
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Porifera
  • Mammals
6. Larva of tapeworm in pork meat is:
  • Rhabiditiform
  • Cercaria
  • Metacercaria
  • Cysticercos
7. Flattened leaf like body belongs to:
  • Cestods
  • Nematods
  • Trematods
  • Cephalopod
8. Intestinal tape worms obtain their nutrition by:
  • Scrapping food particles from intestine of host with hooks
  • Ingesting food particles through suckers
  • Absorbing liquid food from general body surface
  • Preparing their own food
9. The intermediate host of liverfluke is:
  • Man
  • Sheep
  • Dog
  • Snail
10. Bladderworm larva of tape worm is known as:
  • Onchosphere
  • Sporocyst
  • Cysticercos
  • Miracidium
11. If a person has eaten not property cooked pork there is a chance that he may suffer from
  • Amoebiasis
  • Elephantiasis
  • Taeniasis
  • Cholera
12. Tape worm falls in class
  • Turbellaria
  • Trematoda
  • Cestoda
  • None
13. Common name of Taenia solium is:
  • Dog tape worm
  • Pork tape worm
  • Fish tape worm
  • Beef tape worm
14. Female Schistosoma is lodged in ....... canal of male:
  • Inguinal canal
  • Laurer's canal
  • Gynophoric canal
  • None
15. Vitelline glands are found in:
  • Nereis
  • Pila globosa
  • Taenia solium
  • Fasciola hepatica
16. Which will show both alternation of generation and alternation of host?
  • Fasciola
  • Taenia
  • Ascaris
  • Ancyclostoma
17. The parasitic animals possess well developed
  • Reproductive system
  • Digestive system
  • Respiratory system
  • All of the above
18. In which class of platyhelminthes, alimentary canal is
  • Trematoda
  • Turbellaria
  • Cestoda
  • Anthozoa
19. Which one is correct for hexacanth larva of tapeworm?
  • It consists 6 hooks for absorption
  • It consists 6 hooks for boring cyst wall and release to grass
  • It bears 6 hooks for attachment to the intermediate host
  • Hooks are useless in hexacanth larva
20. Pseudocoelom is found in:
  • Cnidaria
  • Nematoda
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Annelids
21. Ectoparasite of fish falls under:
  • Monogenea
  • Turbellaria
  • Trematoda
  • Cestoda
22. Which larval form of tapeworm is present in pork
  • Rhabditiform
  • Metacercaria
  • Cysticercus
  • Cercaria
23. Which one of the following animal phyla does not possess a coelom.
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Mollusca
  • Annelida
  • Echinodermata
24. The liver fluke is a flatworm found commonly in
  • Liver of man
  • Gall bladder of man
  • Liver of cattle
  • Bile duct of sheep
25. The secretion of Mehlis' gland
  • Help in the formation of egg shell
  • Lubricate the passage
  • Help in fertilization
  • Deposite yolk around the zygote of egg in the uterus
26. Hexacanth remains surrounded by
  • One hexacanth membrane
  • Two hexacanth membranes
  • Three membranes
  • Four membranes
27. Schistosoma is a parasite found in
  • Lungs
  • Liver
  • Mesenteric and pelvic veins
  • Intestine
28. Taenia saginata differs from T. solium mainly in absence of
  • Scolex
  • Suckers upon scolex
  • Hooks upon scolex
  • None of these
29. Apolysis helps in
  • Continuity of generation
  • Excretion
  • Respiration
  • Reproductions
30. Tapeworm has no alimentary canal because
  • It absorbs nutrients through body surface
  • It does not require nutrients
  • It feeds only when young
  • None of these
31. Flatworms are
  • Diploblastic and acoelomates
  • Diploblastic and coelomates
  • Triploblastic and acoelomates
  • Triploblastic and coelomates
32. Rhabditis occur in the epidermis of
  • Dugesia
  • Fasciola
  • Taenia
  • Echinococcus
33. All worms are
  • Free-living
  • Parasites
  • Triploblastic
  • Marine
34. Body is unsegmented in
  • Planaria
  • Mesostoma
  • Schistosoma
  • All of these
35. What is common amongst tapeworm, liver fluke and planarian?
  • They are all found in gut
  • They are all segmented
  • They all have flattened body
  • They all have a coelom
36. The excretory structures of flatworms are
  • Malpighian tubules
  • Green glands
  • Metanephridia
  • Flame cells
37. In flatworms, the excretory organs are
  • Archaeocytes
  • Solenocytes
  • Nephrons
  • Nephridia
38. Flame cells are used for
  • Osmoregulation
  • Excretion
  • Both of these
  • None of these
39. One example of animals having a single opening to the outside that serves both as mouth as well as anus is
  • Octopus
  • Asterias
  • Ascidia
  • Fasciola
40. In platyhelminthes
  • Nerve cords are present
  • Nerve cords are absent
  • Nerve nets are present
  • All are present
41. Classification of flatworms is based on
  • Mode of life
  • Presence of gut
  • Cilia on body
  • All of these
42. Class Trematoda includes
  • Roundworms
  • All flatworms
  • All worms
  • Flukes
43. Alimentary canal is absent in animals of the class
  • Arachnida
  • Cestoda
  • Trematoda
  • Apoda
44. Which of the following is a worm but not flatworm
  • Dugesia
  • Taenia
  • Enterobius
  • Echinococcus
45. Regeneration power can best be studied in
  • Dugesia/Planaria
  • Amphioxus
  • Earthworm
  • Ascaris
46. Eyes are present in
  • Dugesia
  • Metaphire
  • Taenia
  • Fasciola
47. If a tapeworm is carried out from its natural habitat, then what will happen?
  • It survives for long time
  • It dies after sometime
  • It dies immediately
  • it dies after few days
48. Fasciola causes
  • Liver rot
  • Jaundice
  • Hepatitis
  • All of these
49. Taenia is found in
  • Large intestine
  • Small intestine
  • Rectum
  • Duodenum
50. Powerful suckers found in tapeworms are meant for
  • Attachment
  • Sucking food from host
  • Both (a) and (b)
  • None of these
51. Gravid proglottids of Taenia are
  • Squarish
  • Rectangular
  • Oblong
  • Rhomboid
52. Shedding of proglottids in tapeworm is called
  • Histolysis
  • Topolysis
  • Apolysis
  • Detachment
53. A proglottid of Taenia is called gravid when it has
  • Both male and female reproductive unit well developed
  • Only female reproductive unit well developed
  • Only male reproductive unit well developed
  • Branched uterus filled with fertilized eggs
54. Which of the following is not the character of Taenia sonum?
  • Strobila
  • Apolysis
  • Proglottid
  • Metamerism
55. Tapeworm is
  • Dioecious
  • Asexual
  • Hermaphrodite
  • All of these
56. Infection of Taenia to secondary host occurs as
  • Egg
  • Morula
  • Onchosphere
  • Cysticercus
57. Cysticerci in pig muscles can remain viable for
  • One month
  • Six month
  • One year
  • Several years
58. Cysticercus larva is also known as
  • Onchosphere
  • Hexacanth
  • Bladderworm
  • None of these
59. When cysticerci are present in pork it is called
  • Hyatid cyst
  • Measly pork
  • Cystericercosis
  • All of these
60. The disease caused by bladderworm is known as
  • Taeniasis
  • Cysticercosis
  • Schistosomiasis
  • None of these
61. Gynaecophoric canal is present in some animals of
  • Nematoda
  • Cestoda
  • Trematoda
  • Turbellaria
62. In tapeworm vitelline gland produces
  • Shell
  • Ova
  • Mucous cells
  • Yolk cells
63. A tapeworm excretes
  • Ammonia
  • Fatty acid
  • CO2
  • All
64. The intermediate host of Schistosoma is
  • Snail
  • Mosquito
  • Housefly
  • Cockroach
65. Bilaterally symmetrical but acoelomate animal is
  • Liver fluke
  • Jellyfish
  • Roundworm
  • Crab
66. Pseudocoelom is not found in
  • Ascaris
  • Ancylostoma
  • Fasciola
  • None of these
67. Flame cells are found in
  • Book lung
  • Green gland
  • Metanephridia
  • Protonephridia
68. Fasciola hepatica is a digenetic parasite. Sheep and snail are two hosts. Snail is
  • Vector host
  • Reservoir host
  • Paratenic host
  • Intermediate host
69. Taenia does not show locomotion because it has
  • Suckers for attachment
  • No digestive system
  • Suckers and hooks for attachment
  • Complete set of male and female reproductive system
70. The number of testes in each mature proglottid of Taenia is
  • One pair
  • Two pairs
  • Three pairs
  • Many
71. Rhabdites occurs in
  • Planaria
  • Fasciola
  • Taenia
  • Echinococcus
72. Free swimming ciliated stage of liver fluke is
  • Redia
  • Miracidium
  • Metacercaria
  • Cercaria
73. The function of Mehlis gland in Taenia is
  • Storage of sperms
  • Lubrication of uterus
  • Formation of embryophore
  • Production of vitelline cells
74. Copulation in Taenia occurs between
  • Two Taenia
  • Two proglottid
  • Male and female Taenia
  • Two mature proglottid of different species
75. Which is a free living fresh water flatworm?
  • Planaria
  • Schistosoma
  • Fasciola
  • Taenia
76. Which of the following larval stage is absent in Schistosoma?
  • Redia
  • Cercaria
  • Miracidium
  • Sporocyst
77. Regeneration power can be best studied in
  • Dugesia/Planaria
  • Amphioxus
  • Earthworm
  • Ascaris
78. Pharynx can be everted in
  • Planaria
  • Liverfluke
  • Starfish
  • Tapeworm
79. Infective stage of blood fluke is
  • Metacercaria
  • Cercaria
  • Cysticercus
  • Metamerism
80. Laurer's canal is present in
  • Ascaris
  • Taenia
  • Schistosoma
  • Fasciola
81. A digenetic flatworm is
  • Planaria
  • Hookworm
  • Liver fluke
  • All
82. Cysticercus of Taenia develops in
  • Man
  • Goat
  • Sheep
  • Pig
83. Tapeworm has no alimentary canal because
  • It doesnot require nutrients
  • It feeds, only when young
  • It absorbs nutrients through body surface
  • None of these
84. Alimentary canal in Tapeworm is
  • Straight
  • Coiled
  • Branched
  • Absent
85. Pseudometameris is found in
  • Fasciola
  • Taenia
  • Planaria
  • Ascaris
86. Fasciola hepatica is
  • Hermaphrodite with self fertilization
  • Hermaphrodite with cross fertilization
  • Unisexual
  • Sexually sterile
87. Which of the following statement is true about the alimentary canal of Round worms?
  • No mouth
  • Only have anus
  • Both mouth and anus
  • None of the above
88. Special modification of Ascaris to its parasitic mode of life Is:
  • Straight and uncoiled alimentary canal
  • Segmented body
  • Resistant cuticle on the body surface
  • Cylindrical body
89. Filaria is a:
  • Protozoa
  • Virus
  • Helminth
  • Bacteria
90. Which one of the following is true for Ascaris?
  • Outside -> intestine -> liver - lungs -> trachea -> oesophagus -> intestine
  • Outside - stomach -> heart -> lungs - trachea -intestine
  • Outside -> intestine→ heart -> lungs -> trachea - intestine
  • Outside -> intestine -> liver -> lungs -> trachea -> oesophagus -> intestine
91. Amphid and phasmid glands are found in:
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Annelida
  • Nematode
  • Cockroach
92. The wandering journey of Ascaris takes:
  • 10 days
  • 12 days
  • 14 days
  • 20 days
93. Which of the following disease is caused by nematodes?
  • Filariasis
  • Amoebiasis
  • Leprosy
  • Malaria
94. The space between the body wall and the alimentary canal of Ascaris is known as
  • Haemocoel
  • Coelom
  • Pseudocoel
  • Enterocoel
95. The animal in which sexes can be differented from external morphology is
  • Taenia
  • Krait
  • Ascaris
  • Sea anemone
96. Filaria can be eradicated if the population of following is exterminated
  • Housefly
  • Anopheles mosquito
  • Cockroach
  • Culex mosquito
97. Amphids present in ventrolateral lips of Ascaris are:
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Gustatoreceptors
  • Olfactoreceptors
  • Tactoreceptors
98. Which one has no intermediate agent to cause disease?
  • Tapeworm
  • Roundworm
  • Plasmodium
  • Liverfluke
99. The correct matching about body wall of Ascaris is:
  • Flame cell and circular body
  • Pseudocoelom and longitudinal body muscle
  • Longitudinal muscle and syncytial epidermis
  • Syncytial epidermis and diploblastic body
100. Which of the following parasite causes iron (Fe) deficiency anaemia?
  • Pinworm
  • Roundworm
  • Hookworm
  • Tapeworm
101. Which of the following penetrate through human skin?
  • E.histolytica
  • Roundworm
  • Hookworm
  • Tapeworm
102. In hookworm, ingested blood is prevented from clotting by formed secreted by:
  • Esophageal gland
  • Salivary gland
  • Pharyngeal gland
  • Tonsilar gland
103. The alimentary canal of nematode is:
  • only mouth
  • only anus
  • mouth & anus
  • No intestine
104. Hookworm infection causes the deficiency of:
  • vitamin Biz
  • Vitamin A
  • Iron
  • Folic acid
105. Filariform larva is infective stage of:
  • Ascaris
  • Threadworm
  • Tapeworm
  • Hookworm
106. The organism which is NOT blood parasite:
  • Plasmodium
  • Trypanosoma
  • Trichinella
  • L. donovani
107. After how many moulds does a round worm grow into an adult in human intestine?
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
108. Anemia may be caused by
  • Hookworm
  • Roundworm
  • Earthworm
  • Tapeworm