1. Phylum
    2. 1. Classification of Animals
    2. Protozoa
    3. Porifera
    4. Coelenterata
    5. Platyhelminthes
    6. Nemathelminthes
    7. Annelida
    8. Earthworm
    9. Arthropoda
    10. Cockroach
    11. Mosquito
    12. Honey bee and Silk moth
    13. Mollusca
    14. Echinodermata
    15. Hemichordata
    16. Chordata
    17. Pisces
    18. Amphibia
    19. Frog
    20. Reptile
    21. Aves
    22. Mammalia
    23. Rabbit bone
  2. Animal Behaviour and Adaptation
    3. 24. Animal behaviour
    25. Animal adaptation
    26. Migration
  3. Developmental Biology
    4. 27. Development of Animals
    28. Development of Frog
  4. Human Biology
    5. 29. Tissues
    30. Sense organs
    31. Digestive system
    32. Circulatory system
    33. Respiratory system
    34. Nervous system
    35. Endocrine system
    36. Reproductive system
    37. Excretory system
    38. Skeletal system
    39. Basic concept of Immunology
    40. Human diseases
  5. Evolutionary Biology
    6. 41. Origin of Life
    42. Organic Evolution
    43. Theories of Evolution
    44. Evolution of Human beings
    45. Horse Evolution
Evolutionary Biology
44. Evolution of Human beings
SUMMARY
S.N.
Man
Fossil evidence discovered by
Fossil evidence discovered from
Cranial capacity
Special features
Proconsul
Dryopithecus
Shivapithecus
Shivalik hills of India and Dang valley of Nepal
Ramapithecus
Lewis
Australopithecus
Raymond Dart
South Africa
First to stood erect/ showing bipedal locomotion. Southern ape
Homo habilis
Handy man
Leaky
Africa
700
First to use the tools. First probable Fossil man.
Pithecanthecanthropous erectus
Java-ape man
Dubois
Java of Africa
900
First to use fire.
Pithecanthropous erectus pekininensis
Peking man
W.C. Pie
Peiking of China
1100
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Neanderthal man
Fulrott
Neanderthal valley of Germany
1400
First cave dwellers. First to kill animals and wear animal hides. First buried the dead ceremonially.
Homo sapiens fossilis
Cromagnon man
Gregor
Crogmagnon rock of France
1600
First to use sophisticated tools and Coloured painting. Artistic man. Orthognathous face (Jaw not projecting forward)
Homo sapiens sapiens
Man of today
1400
INTRODUCTION
Fossil Evidence
The maximus number of fossils of primitive man have been excavated from Africa.
Evolution Location
Evolution of man probably took place in the part of Africa between Ethiopia and South Africa.
Palaeoanthropology
Study of human evolution and culture. It deals with fossil and prehistoric man.
Genealogy
The sequential arrangement of stages in evolution.
Fossil Evidence Limitation
The fossil evidence of human evolution is patchy and the early stages are poorly known.
Controversy
There has been a great deal of controversy over primate and human relationships because of the limited number of good fossils.
Taxonomic Position
Phylum
Chordata
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Super-class
Tetrapoda
Class
Mammalia
Order
Primates
Suborder
Anthropoidea
Superfamily
Hominoidea
Family
Hominidae
Genus
Homo
Species
sapiens
ORDER: PRIMATES
Characters
  1. Complex brain that is large in relation to body size
  2. Omnivorous diet
  3. Semi-erect to erect posture
  4. Arboreal (tree-dwelling) habit
  5. Ability to spread toes and fingers apart
  6. Opposable thumb for grasping
  7. Bony sockets protecting eyes
  8. Binocular vision resulting in depth perception
  9. Well-developed eye-hand coordination
  10. Flattened face without a snout
  11. Parental care, Lengthy gestation, One birth at a time
  12. Late sexual maturity and relatively long life span
Sub-order: Prosimii
Characteristics
  1. Most are Nocturnal with large ears and eyes
  2. Possess elongated snouts for highly developed sense of smell
  3. Lemur and Lorises are the most primitive primates
Examples
Tarsier
Location
Found in Philippines and East Indies
Features
Insectivorous mouse-sized animals with enormous eyes for nocturnal life
Note
Recently removed from prosimii and placed in Anthropoids
Special
Pad like finger tips are present
Lemur
Location
Confined in Madagascar Island
Features
Cat-sized animals with long bushy tails, often striped black and white
Diet
Feed on insects, small vertebrates and fruits
Loris
Location
Occur in Africa and Asia including South India
Feature
Tailless primate
Sub-order: Anthropoidea
Characteristics
  1. Differ from prosimians in structure of teeth, brain, skull and limbs
  2. Diurnal (active during day) with evolved color vision
Superfamily: New World Monkeys (Ceboidea/Platyrrhini)
Characters
  1. Flat nose with widely separated nostrils
  2. Prehensile tail
  3. Non-opposable thumbs
  4. Clawed digits
  5. Found in South and Central America
  6. Number of teeth: 36
Examples
  1. Howler monkey
  2. Spider monkey
  3. Capuchin monkey
Superfamily: Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecoidea/Catarrhini)
Characters
  1. Narrow nose
  2. Short and non-prehensile tail
  3. Opposable thumbs
  4. Nailed digits
  5. Found in Africa, Southern Asia, Japan, Indonesia
Examples
  1. Baboon
  2. Langur
  3. Rhesus monkey
Superfamily: Hominoids (Hominoidea)
Fossil apes
Proconsul
  1. Ancestor of today's hominoids - Apes and Humans
  2. Fossil ape from Miocene (Asia and Africa)
  3. Named in 1933 based on jaws and teeth from Kenya
  4. Name refers to a chimp named Consul at London Zoo
  5. True ape characteristics: Absence of Tail and Relatively large cranial capacity (150 cc)
Dryopithecus
  1. Fossil ape of Middle Miocene, similar to Proconsul
  2. First reported from Southern France (first fossil ape found)
  3. Partial skeleton from Spain reported in 1996
Shivapithecus
  1. Similar to Dryopithecus; skull/forelimbs like monkeys; face/jaws/teeth like apes
  2. Known from Turkey, northern India, Pakistan and China
  3. Similar to modern Orangutan with heavy jaws and broad cheek teeth
Family: Hyalobatidae (Apes)
Gibbons
  1. Smallest apes
  2. Most primitive
Family: Pongidae (Apes)
Orangutan
About the size of Humans
Gorilla
  1. Largest of apes
  2. Most advanced
Chimpanzee
  1. Closest relative of modern man
  2. Common origin shown by chromosome number and banding pattern
  3. Human and chimpanzee DNA differs in only 1.27%
  4. Hemoglobin differs in only a single amino acid
  5. Most human-like of the apes, used in psychological experiments
Family: Hominidae (Humans)
Ramapithecus
  1. Discovered by Lewis from Shivalik Hills of India
  2. Ape-like, lived on tree tops but also walked on ground
  3. Teeth and Jaws like humans
  4. Kenyapithecus (discovered by Leaky) was similar
Australopithecus
  1. Called Southern Ape
  2. Taung baby (Australopithecus africanus) discovered by Raymond Dart from Africa
  3. Immediate ancestors of humans
  4. First to show Bipedal locomotion
  5. Cranial capacity: 300-500 cc
  6. Lived in open Savannah of Eastern and Southern Africa
  7. Diet: primarily plants
Homo habilis (Handy man)
  1. First probable fossil man of genus Homo
  2. First tool maker
  3. Discovered by Leaky in Olduvai Gorge of Kenya
  4. Cranial capacity: 700 cc
Java-ape man (Pithecanthropus erectus)
  1. Discovered by Eugene Dubois from Java
  2. Fully adapted to upright walking
  3. Made sophisticated tools
  4. Probably communicated with language
  5. Cranial capacity: 900 cc
  6. Large protruding jaws
  7. First to use Fire
Peking man (Sinanthropus pekinensis)
  1. Discovered by W.C. Pei from Zhoukoudian Cave near Peking
  2. Cranial capacity: about 1075 cc
  3. Slightly shorter, lighter and weaker than Java man
Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)
  1. Discovered by C. Fuhlrott from Neander valley of Germany
  2. Cranial capacity: 1400 cc (slightly larger than modern man)
  3. Protruding jaws, slightly prognathous face
  4. Short and powerfully built
  5. Made diverse tools (scrapers, spearheads, hand axes)
  6. Took care of sick and injured
  7. Believed in 'Morality of soul'
  8. Performed Ceremonial burial of the dead
  9. Lived in huts or caves
Cro-magnon man (Homo sapiens fossilis)
  1. Most recent ancestor of Today's man
  2. Discovered by Mac Gregor
  3. Used sophisticated tools (stone, bones, horns)
  4. Created Coloured cave paintings
  5. Lived by hunting
  6. Cranial capacity: about 1600 cc
  7. Orthognathus face
Man of today (Homo sapiens sapiens)
  1. First appeared about 10000 years ago
  2. Average cranial capacity: 1360 cc
  3. Developed sound into words
  4. Important characteristics:
    5. ⟣ Binocular vision: Ability to maintain focus on an object with both eyes
    ⟣ Stereoscopic vision: Ability to view with both eyes in similar but different ways, allowing depth perception
Man of future (Homo sapiens futuris)
  1. Prediction by American anthropologist Dr. Sapiro
  2. Will be taller with hairless body, dome-like head and without fifth toe