1. Phylum
    2. 1. Classification of Animals
    2. Protozoa
    3. Porifera
    4. Coelenterata
    5. Platyhelminthes
    6. Nemathelminthes
    7. Annelida
    8. Earthworm
    9. Arthropoda
    10. Cockroach
    11. Mosquito
    12. Honey bee and Silk moth
    13. Mollusca
    14. Echinodermata
    15. Hemichordata
    16. Chordata
    17. Pisces
    18. Amphibia
    19. Frog
    20. Reptile
    21. Aves
    22. Mammalia
    23. Rabbit bone
  2. Animal Behaviour and Adaptation
    3. 24. Animal behaviour
    25. Animal adaptation
    26. Migration
  3. Developmental Biology
    4. 27. Development of Animals
    28. Development of Frog
  4. Human Biology
    5. 29. Tissues
    30. Sense organs
    31. Digestive system
    32. Circulatory system
    33. Respiratory system
    34. Nervous system
    35. Endocrine system
    36. Reproductive system
    37. Excretory system
    38. Skeletal system
    39. Basic concept of Immunology
    40. Human diseases
  5. Evolutionary Biology
    6. 41. Origin of Life
    42. Organic Evolution
    43. Theories of Evolution
    44. Evolution of Human beings
    45. Horse Evolution
Phylum
3. Porifera
1 / 2
Image 1
Fig. Porifera
Credit. Allen
▢ Introduction:
❖ Phylum: Porifera
❖ Members: Poriferans
❖ Other names:
  1. Sponges
  2. Republic of Cells
❖ Symmetry:
◉ Most: Asymmetrical
◉ Sycon, Leucosolenia, and Larva of Sponges: Radial symmetrical
1. Sponges are
  • Asymmetrical
  • Radial symmetrical
  • Biradial symmetrical
  • Bilateral symmetrical
❖ Grades of Organization:
◉ Cellular grade of Organization.
◉ Classification of Animal based on Tissue organization:
◈ Details:
  1. Metazoa without tissue organization are called Parazoa.
  2. Porifera belongs to group Parazoa.
◈ Study of sponges: Parazoology
1. Metazoa without tissue organization
  • Protozoa
  • Porifera
  • Coelenterata
  • None
◉ Evolution: Sponges form the sideline of evolution.
▢ History:
❖ Robert E. Grant: Term 'Porifera' was given by Robert E. Grant.
❖ John Ellis:
  1. Animal nature of Sponge was discovered by John Ellis.
  2. Sponges appear to be quite lifeless and plant-like.
❖ H.W. Wilson: Regeneration in Sponge was discovered by H.W. Wilson.
Note
John Ray
John Ray gave the term 'Species.'
John Hill
John Hill gave the term 'Paramecium.'
Johnston
  1. Johnston gave the term 'Mollusca' (Mollusca means soft body).
  2. Johnston's organ is Proprioreceptor (Receptor of Sound 🔊 vibration and CO2) in mosquito.
Jacobson's organ
  1. Also called Vomeronasal organ (VNO), an organ of chemoreceptor that is part of the olfactory system of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
  2. Function: Smell
1. Animal nature of Sponge was established by
  • Goldfuss
  • Trembly
  • Ellis
  • Leaky
2. The term porifera was given by
  • Ellis
  • Gegenbaur
  • Goldfuss
  • Robert Grant
▢ Classification:
❖ Based on Skeleton/ Spicules:
Type
Calcarea/ Limy Sponge
Hexactenellida
Demospongia
Spicules
Calcareous spicules (Triaxon or Tetraxon or None)
Silicious spicules (Triaxon with 6 rays or Both)
Siliceous spicules (Calcareous spicules)
Habitat
All marine, never found in cold water
All marine
Most marine, Few freshwater
Habit
Sessile, sedentary, and fixed
Canal
System/
Aquiferous
System
Ascon or Sycon or Leucon
Leucon
Leucon
Examples
▢ Sycon/ Scypha:
Image 1
Fig. Sycon
  • •
    Urn sponge or Crown sponge
▢ Leucosolenia:
Image 1
Fig. Leucosolenia
  • •
    Smallest sponge
▢ Grantia:
Image 1
Fig. Grantia
▢ Clathrina:
Image 1
Fig. Clathrina
▢ Euplectella:
Image 1
Fig. Euplectella
  • •
    Venus flower basket
▢ Hyalonema:
Image 1
Fig. Hyalonema
  • •
    Glass rope spone
▢ Cliona:
Image 1
Fig. Cliona
  • •
    Boring sponge
  • •
    Sulphur sponge
▢ Pheronema:
Image 1
Fig. Pheronema
  • •
    Bowl sponge
▢ Spongilla:
Image 1
Fig. Spongilla
  • •
    Fresh water sponge
▢ Euspongia:
Image 1
Fig. Euspongia
  • •
    Bath 🛀 sponge
▢ Chalina:
Image 1
Fig. Chalina
  • •
    Mermaid's gloves
▢ Hippspongia:
Image 1
Fig. Hippspongia
  • •
    Horse 🐎 sponge
1. Which one of the following is classes of porifera?

[MOE 2062]

  • Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa
  • Calcarea, Demospongia, Hexactinellida
  • Scyphozoa, Cephalopoda Calcarea
  • Calcarea, Hydrozoa, Demospongia
2. Classification of porifera is on the basis of

[MOE 2052]

  • Canal system
  • Reproduction
  • Amoebic cells
  • Spicules
3. The precious marriage gift in Japan is
  • Spongilla
  • Hyalonema
  • Leucosolenia
  • Euplectella
4. “Venus Flower Basket” belongs to the phylum
  • Porifera
  • Coelenterata
  • Mollusc
  • Echinodermata
5. An example of class Hexactinellida is
  • Spongilla
  • Euplectella
  • Grantia
  • Leucosolenia
6. Which of the following is a freshwater sponge ?
  • Spongilla
  • Euplectella
  • Sycon
  • Hyalonema
7. A sponge harmful to oyster industry is
  • Cliona
  • Euspongia
  • Spongilla
  • Leucosolenia
8. Leucosolenia is
  • Free-living, Solitary and Marine
  • Sessile, Solitary and Marine
  • Sessile, Colonial and Marine
  • Sessile, Colonial and Freshwater
❖ Non-Sponge:
  1. Spongicola – Spongicola is Shrimps of Arthopoda. It has got the name Spongicola as it lives in Euplectela sponge as Commensalism(+, 0).
1. Which of the following is not a sponge
  • Clathrina
  • Cliona
  • Spongicola
  • Hippsponge
▢ Body Pores:
Image 1
S.N.
Ostia
Osculum
i.
Ostia act as mouth of Sponge.
Osculum acts as Anus of Sponge.
ii.
Ostia are many in number.
Osculum is single in number.
iii.
Ostia are without oscular fringes.
Osculum is provided with Oscular fringes/ Valvular fringe.
iv.
Ostia is Non-valvular.
Osculum is Valvular.
v.
Ostia is also called Incurrent pore.
Osculum is also called Excurrent pore.
vi.
Opening and Closing controlled by Myocytes.
Osculum opening is mainly controlled by Myocytes.
1. In sponges, the diameter of ostia is regulated by

[PCS 20]

  • Choanocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Myocytes
  • Pinacocytes
▢ Body Walls and Cells:
Image 1
Fig. Sponge Body wall and Cells
❖ Diploblastic Animals:
◉ Outer layer/ Pinacoderm/ Dermal epithelium:
  1. Pinacocyte: Binucleated/ Coenocytic/ Multinucleated
  2. Porocyte
◉ Mesenchyme or Mesohyl:
  1. Jelly-like substance found between the two layers called Mesenchyme or Mesohyl.
  2. Consists of Skeletal elements (Spicules), Collagen fibres, and Free Amoebocytes/ Wandering cells.
◉ Amoebocyte Cells:
S.N.
Amoebocyte cells
Features
1)
Archaeocytes
  1. Largest amoebocytes
  2. Can be converted into any other types of amoebocyte (totipotent cell)
  3. Helps in regeneration called morphallaxis
  4. Reproductive cells are also produced from archaeocytes
  5. Helps in formation of internal bud called gemmule for asexual reproduction
2)
Thesocytes
Stores food in the form of Glycogen granules.
3)
Trophocytes
Provide food to developing cells (Nurse cells or Nutritive cells).
4)
Scleroblast
  1. Multinucleated
  2. Calcoblast = CaCO₃ (secretes the spicules)
  3. Silicoblast = Silica
  4. Spongioblasts = Spongin fibres
5)
Collencyte/ Connecting cells
Secretes Collagen fibres.
6)
Myocytes/ Contractile cells
  1. Present at ostia and osculum (but mainly at osculum).
  2. Helps in closing and opening of Osculum.
7)
Chromocytes/ Pigment cells
Gives color as well as excretory in nature.
8)
Phagocytes
Phagocytic in nature (engulf foreign particles).
9)
Germ cells
Reproduction.
10)
Gland cells
Serve for attachment by secreting slimy substance (mucus).
❖ Inner layer/ Choanoderm/ Gastral epithelium:
  1. Choanocyte/ Collar cells/ Flagellated cells
  2. Choanocytes or Collar cells are only present in Sponges.
  3. Water current through the body of sponge is maintained by Choanocytes.
  4. Choanocytes help in Nutrition by ingesting food through the incoming water (holozoically).
  5. The cavity common to all sponges is Spongocoel or Paragastric cavity lined with flagellated choanocytes.
1. Choanocyte cells are found in:

[IOM 2007]

  • Protozoa
  • Echinodermata
  • Porifera
  • Coelenterata
2. The sponge differs from other animals by the presence of:

[IOM 2006]

  • Collar cells
  • Hollow body
  • Coelenteron cavity
  • Only one mouth
3. Porocytes are a type of cells found exclusively in
  • Cnidarians
  • Sponges
  • Molluscs
  • Echinodermata
4. Mesohyll is found in
  • Parazoa
  • Ctenophora
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Echinodermata
5. Flagellated cells in sponges are called
  • Thesocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Pinacocytes
6. Reproductive cells in sponges probably are formed from
  • Archaeocytes
  • Scleroblasts
  • Myocytes
  • Pinacocytes
7. Cells which create water current and ingest food in Leucosolenia and other sponges.
  • Trophocytes
  • Pinacocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Choanocytes
8. Silicoblast is one of the
  • Porocytes
  • Scleroblasts
  • Thesocyte
  • Calcoblasts
▢ Water Canal System/ Aquiferous System:
❖ Description:
  1. Sponges have a canal system also known as Water Canal System or Aquiferous system.
  2. Canal system is a characteristic feature of Sponges.
  3. Sponges need a continuous current of water flowing through their bodies for Nutrition, Respiration, Excretion, and Reproduction.
❖ Types:
1. Ascon type
2. Sycon type
3. Leucon type
4. Rhagon type
Image 1
Image 1
Image 1
Flow of Water
graph TD 1["Water"] 2["Ostia"] 3["Spongiocoel"] 4["Osculum"] 5["Out"] 1 --> 2 2 --> 3 3 --> 4 4 --> 5
graph TD 1["Water"] 2["Ostia"] 3["Incurrent carnal"] 4["Prosopyle"] 5["Radial canal"] 6["Apopyle"] 7["Osculum"] 8["Out"] 1 --> 2 2 --> 3 3 --> 4 4 --> 5 5 --> 6 6 --> 7 7 --> 8
graph TD 1["Water"] 2["Ostia"] 3["Incurrent carnal"] 4["Prosopyle"] 5["Radial canal"] 6["Apopyle"] 7["Excurrent canal"] 8["Osculum"] 9["Out"] 1 --> 2 2 --> 3 3 --> 4 4 --> 5 5 --> 6 6 --> 7 7 --> 8 8 --> 9

Transformed to Leucon type during adulthood.

Notes
1. Incurrent canal is lined by Pinacocytes. 2. Prosopyle is lined by Porocyte. 3. Radial canals are lined by Choanocytes.
Examples
Leucosolenia
Sycon
Spongilla
Some
larval
stages
1. Canal system is characteristic of
  • Sponges
  • Sea anemone
  • Sea urchin
  • Hydra
2. The 'life-line' of sponges is
  • Canal system
  • Skeleton
  • Choanoderm
  • Mesenchymes
3. The incurrent canals of sponges are lined by
  • Pinacocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Porocytes
  • None
4. In most simple type of canal system of Porifera water flows through which one of the following ways ?
  • Spongocoel - Ostia -> Osculum -> Exterior
  • Ostia -> Spongocoel - Osculum -> Exterior
  • Osculum - Spongocoel -> Ostia -> Exterior
  • Osculum -> Ostia - Spongocoel - Exterior
▢ Regeneration Capacity:
❖ Types:
Epimorphosis
Morpholaxis
Character
Regeneration of lost part.
Each cut piece grows into a new organism.
Examples
  1. Sponges
  2. Starfish
  1. Porifera
  2. Coelenterata
❖ General: All Porifera without exception show high power of Regeneration.
❖ Reasons: Due to archaeocytes which are highly totipotent cells.
1. Regeneration of limbs of amphibian involves
  • Epimorphosis
  • Morpholaxis
  • none
  • both
▢ Metabolism:
❖ Digestion:
◉ Nutrition:
◈ General: All sponges are filter feeders.
◈ Other filter feeders:
  1. Ciliates
  2. Sponges
  3. Mollusca ⟶ Bivalvia e.g., Unio
  4. Hemichordata
  5. Protochordata
◉ Intracellular and holozoic. Takes place partially in choanocytes and partially in wandering amoebocytes. Digestion of food takes place in Food vacuoles.
❖ Respiration: Performed by both Choanoderm and Body surface, but mainly by Choanoderm.
❖ Circulation: Takes place by Wandering of Amoebocyte cells.
❖ Excretion and Gas Exchange: Primarily Ammonia; Simple diffusion occurs across the Choanoderm.
▢ Reproduction:
❖ General: Porifera reproduces by both Asexual and Sexual methods.
❖ Asexual Reproduction:
Internal Bud (Gemmule)
External Bud
Characters
  1. Formed by the aggregation of Archaeocytes.
  2. Gemmulation is the process of forming internal bud.
  3. Formed during unfavorable conditions.
Formed during favorable conditions.
Examples
Spongilla
  1. Sycon
  2. Leucosolenia
❖ Sexual Reproduction:
graph TD 1["Sperm"] 2["Ova"] 3["Zygote"] 4["Larva (Motile)"] 5["Adult (Sessile)"] 1 --> 3 2 --> 3 3 --> 4 4 --> 5
◉
  1. Porifera are Bisexual/Monoecious (⚤) and Protogynous (Female gametes mature first).
  2. Cross-fertilization is the rule.
  3. Cleavage of zygote is Holoblastic (Complete division) and Equal.
  4. Larva is active and floating but adult is sedentary and sessile.
◉ Larval Stages:
Larva
Description
Comparable To
Amphiblastula
Larva of Sycon
N/A
Parenchymula
Larva of Leucosolenia
Planula of Obelia (Motile)
Stero-gastrula
Larva of Euplectela
N/A
1. Parencymula of Leucosolenia is comparable to:
  • Planula of Obelia
  • ….. of Obelia
  • Redia of Fasciola hepatica
  • Cysticerous of Taenia
2. Gemmule formation occurs in:

[IOM 2002]

  • Porifera
  • Coelenterata
  • Annelida
  • Echinodermata
◉ Olynthus:
  1. Short-lived stages formed when the colony becomes attached to a Substrate.
  2. Hypothetical ancestral stage of Sponge.
1. Incurrent canal is associated with:

[MOE 2063]

  • Echinodermata
  • Porifera
  • Coelenterata
  • Protozoa
2. Which one of the following is classes of porifera?

[MOE 2062]

  • Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa
  • Calcarea, Demospongia, Hexactinellida
  • Scyphozoa, Cephalopoda Calcarea
  • Calcarea, Hydrozoa, Demospongia
3. Classification of porifera is on the basis of

[MOE 2052]

  • Canal system
  • Reproduction
  • Amoebic cells
  • Spicules
4. Choanocyte cells are found in:

[IOM 2007]

  • Protozoa
  • Echinodermata
  • Porifera
  • Coelenterata
5. The sponge differs from other animals by the presence of:

[IOM 2006]

  • Collar cells
  • Hollow body
  • Coelenteron cavity
  • Only one mouth
6. Gemmule formation occurs in:

[IOM 2002]

  • Porifera
  • Coelenterata
  • Annelida
  • Echinodermata
7. The invertebrate without neurons is:

[BPKIHS 2006]

  • Hydra
  • Sponges
  • Planaria
  • Earthworm
8. Sponges differ from other metazoans in having:

[BPKIHS 2007]

  • Hollow body
  • Coelenteron
  • Collar cells
  • Tentacles
9. Amphiblastula is larve of

[IE 2003]

  • Leucosolenia
  • Sycon
  • Hydra
  • Planaria
10. Gemmule formation is the means of reproduction in:

[IOM 2015]

  • Porifera
  • Arthropoda
  • Coelenterata
  • Annelida
11. Which of the following is the fresh water sponge?

[MOE 2012]

  • Sycon
  • Euspongia
  • Spongilla
  • Euplectella
12. What are the main cells of which poriferans outer walls are made?

[KU 2012]

  • Pinacocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Amoebocytes
13. Canal system is characteristic of
  • Sponges
  • Sea anemone
  • Sea urchin
  • Hydra
14. What is left after a bath sponge disintegrates and dries are:
  • Muscle fibres
  • Nerve fibres
  • Spongin fibres
  • Silk fibres
15. Flagellated cells in sponges are called
  • Choanocytes
  • Pinacocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Thesocytes
16. Skeleton of sponges is secreted by
  • Scleroblasts
  • Osteoblast
  • Choanocytes
  • Amoebocytes
17. Porocytes are a type of cells found exclusively in
  • Cnidarians
  • Sponges
  • Molluscs
  • Echinodermata
18. Reproductive cells in sponges probably are formed from
  • Archaeocytes
  • Scleroblasts
  • Myocytes
  • Pinacocytes
19. Cells which create water current and ingest food in Leucosolenia and other sponges.
  • Trophocytes
  • Pinacocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Choanocytes
20. Bath sponges are found in
  • Red sea
  • Gulf of Mexico
  • Mediterranean sea
  • All of these
21. Natural sponge is prepared from
  • Spongilla
  • Euspongia
  • Glassrope sponge
  • Leaf sponge
22. Locomotion is not known to occur in
  • Amoeba
  • Maggot of housefly
  • Earthworm
  • Leucosolenia
23. Muscles in sponges are
  • Striated
  • Smooth
  • Both striated and smooth
  • None
24. The 'life - line' of sponges is
  • Canal system
  • Skeleton
  • Choanoderm
  • Mesenchymes
25. Parenchymula is the larva of
  • Clathrina
  • Ascaris
  • Hydra
  • Metophire
26. The incurrent canals of sponges are lined by
  • Pinacocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Porocytes
  • None
27. Anrexample of the group which is considered as blind allay in animal kingdom is
  • Chalina
  • Chiroptera
  • Chelone
  • Chamaeleo
28. Spongin fibres are present in
  • Calcarea
  • Demospongiae
  • Hyalospongiae
  • Both a and b
29. Olynthus is
  • Hypothetic sponge ancestor
  • Sponge larva
  • Pro larva
  • A living sponge
30. Most important character of all sponges
  • Coelenteron
  • Herbivorous nutrition
  • Choanocytes
  • Only sexual reproduction
31. Collar cells are characteristic of
  • Acornworms
  • Earthworms
  • Roundworms
  • Sponges
32. Animals devoid of respiratory, excretory and circulatory organs are
  • Liver fluke
  • Tapeworms
  • Threadworms
  • Sponges
33. Organization in sponges is
  • Protoplasmic grade
  • Cellular grade
  • Organ grade
  • Tissue grade
34. Sponges are
  • Pelagic
  • Free-swimming
  • Sessile
  • Planktonic
35. Mesohyll is found in
  • Parazoa
  • Ctenophora
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Echinodermata
36. Which of the following is not associated with Porifera?
  • Choanocyte
  • Metagenesis
  • Totipotency
  • Osculum
37. In most simple type of canal system of Porifera water flows through which one of the following ways ?
  • Spongocoel - Ostia -> Osculum -> Exterior
  • Ostia -> Spongocoel - Osculum -> Exterior
  • Osculum - Spongocoel -> Ostia -> Exterior
  • Osculum -> Ostia - Spongocoel - Exterior
38. Which of the following is called 'Republic of cells'?
  • Metazoa
  • Colonial Protozoa
  • Sponges
  • Coelenterates
39. Flagellated cells in sponges are called
  • Thesocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Pinacocytes
40. The spongiocoel of the sponge is lined with
  • Porocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Amoebocytes
  • Spicules
41. Choanocytes are
  • Nutritive cells
  • Reproductive cells
  • Spicule forming cells
  • Excretory cells
42. Endoskeleton of sponges is made up of
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Calcareous spicules
  • Calcareous or siliceous spicules, or siliceous spicules and spongin fibres or only spongin fibres
43. Silicoblast is one of the
  • Porocytes
  • Scleroblasts
  • Thesocyte
  • Calcoblasts
44. The precious marriage gift in Japan is
  • Spongilla
  • Hyalonema
  • Leucosolenia
  • Euplectella
45. “Venus Flower Basket” belongs to the phylum
  • Porifera
  • Coelenterata
  • Mollusc
  • Echinodermata
46. An example of class Hexactinellida is
  • Spongilla
  • Euplectella
  • Grantia
  • Leucosolenia
47. Which of the following is a freshwater sponge ?
  • Spongilla
  • Euplectella
  • Sycon
  • Hyalonema
48. A sponge harmful to oyster industry is
  • Cliona
  • Euspongia
  • Spongilla
  • Leucosolenia
49. Leucosolenia is
  • Free-living, Solitary and Marine
  • Sessile, Solitary and Marine
  • Sessile, Colonial and Marine
  • Sessile, Colonial and Freshwater
50. The gemmules of sponges contain
  • Pinacocytes
  • Archaeocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Thesocytes
51. Totipotent cells of sponges are
  • Chromocytes
  • Myocytes
  • Thesocytes
  • Archaeocytes
52. Canal system is characteristic of
  • Hydra
  • Sea anemone
  • Sponge
  • Sea urchin
53. Gemmule formation in sponges is helpful in
  • Sexual reproduction
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Only dissemination
  • None of these
54. Monoaxon spicules are found in
  • Dermal ostia
  • Gastral ostia
  • Spongocoel
  • Oscular fringe
55. Reproductive cells in sponge probably form from
  • Archaeocytes
  • Pinacocytes
  • Myocytes
  • Scleroblast
56. Many sponges may be bigger than fishes, yet they have no respiratory organs because they
  • Do not need respiratory organs
  • Are sedentary
  • Respire anaerobically
  • Have highly porous body
57. Formation of canal system in sponges is due to
  • Porous walls
  • Gastrovascular system
  • Folding of inner wall
  • Reproduction
58. Food is stored in Leucosolenia by
  • Ostia
  • Osculum
  • Thesocyte
  • Spongocoel
59. Exogenous budding of asexual reproduction in sponges is known as
  • Regeneration
  • Amphimixis
  • Gemmulation
  • Gemmation
60. Porocytes are specialized cells for the passage of
  • Excretory products within body of flatworms
  • Sweat upon surface of mammalian epidermis
  • Incoming water current in body of sponges
  • Outgoing water current on top of sponges
61. Which one of the following animal phyla possesses spicules?
  • Porifera
  • Annelida
  • Mollusca
  • Platyhelminthes
62. Gemmules are formed by aggregation of
  • Pinacocyte cell
  • Archaeocyte cell
  • Trophocyte cell
  • Thesocyte cell
63. Freshwater sponges form internal asexual products called
  • Planula
  • Buds
  • Gemmule
  • Branches
64. The simplest type of canal system in porifera is
  • Sycon
  • Ascon
  • Leucon
  • Radial
65. The middle layer of body wall of porifera is
  • Mesoderm
  • Mesenchyme
  • Mesoglea
  • Mesentry
66. One animal that does not perform locomotion is:
  • Sycon
  • Sepia
  • Nereis
  • Euglena
67. Cells not found in sponges:
  • Porocytes
  • Myocytes
  • Cnidoblasts
  • Calcoblasts
68. Canal system in porifera is not concerned with:
  • respiration
  • nutrition
  • sexual reproduction
  • none of these
69. Sycon belongs to a group of animals, which are best described as:
  • unicellular or acellular
  • multicellular with a gastrovascular system
  • multicellular without any tissue organization
  • multicellular having tissue organization, but no body cavity
GRB QUESTION:
1. Most important character of all sponges:
  • Colenteron
  • Herbivorous nutrition
  • Choanocytes
  • Only sexual reproduction
2. Which of the following features is universally present in all sponges?
  • Marine habitat
  • Presence of spicules
  • Presence of spongiocoel
  • Presence of spongin fibres
3. Sponges possess:
  • No tissues
  • Epithelial tissues only
  • Epithelia and connective tissues only
  • All four types of tissues
4. In sponges there is:
  • Radial symmetry
  • A true coelom
  • A single exit and a number of mouthlets
  • A single mouthlet and a number of exits
5. Animals devoid of respiratory, excretory and circulatory organs are:
  • Liver fluke
  • Tapeworms
  • Threadworms
  • Sponges
6. Which of the following are 'multicellular grade' organisms?
  • Sponges
  • Coelenterates
  • Prokaryotes
  • Vertebrates
7. Organization in sponges is:
  • Protoplasmic grade
  • Cellular grade
  • Organ grade
  • Tissue grade
8. Animal nature of sponge was established by:
  • Goldfuss
  • Trembly
  • Ellis
  • Leakey
9. Most sponges are:
  • Asymmetrical
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Vertically symmetrical
  • Radially symmetrical
10. A sponge is a:
  • Surface feeder
  • Bottom feeder
  • Filter feeder
  • Herbivore
11. Sponges form a sideline of evolution, hence called:
  • Mesozoa
  • Porifera
  • Parazoa
  • Eumetazoa
12. Sponges are:
  • Pelagic
  • Free-swimming
  • Planktonic
  • Sessile
13. The phylum name 'Porifera' was given by:
  • Ellis
  • Gegenbaur
  • Goldfuss
  • Robert Grant
14. Which of the following is not associated with Porifera?
  • Choanocyte
  • Metagenesis
  • Totipotency
  • Osculum
15. One of the following is not a sponge:
  • Cliona
  • Chalina
  • Cliona
  • Hyalonema
16. The non-cellular layer present between pinacoderm and choanoderm in body wall of poriferans is known as:

[Odisha JEE 2012]

  • mesenchyme
  • middle lamellae
  • mesoderm
  • none of these
17. One of the following is not a sponge. Mark it:
  • Sycon
  • Spongicola
  • Pheronema
  • Cliona
18. Flagellated cells in sponges are called:
  • Thesocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Pinacocytes
19. Cells which create water current and ingest food in Leucosolenia and other sponges:
  • Trophocytes
  • Pinacocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Choanocytes
20. Choanocytes or collar cells occur only in:

[VMMC-Safdarjung 2007]

  • Cnidarians
  • Trematodes
  • Sponges
  • Earthworms
21. The spongiocoel of the sponge is lined with:

[Kerala PMT 2003]

  • porocytes
  • choanocytes
  • amoebocytes
  • spicules
22. Choanocytes are:
  • Nutritive cells
  • Reproductive cells
  • Spicule forming cells
  • Excretory cells
23. Which of the following is a false statement?
  • All sponges are hermaphrodites
  • Choanocytes are reproductive in function
  • Sponges are multicellular organisms
  • Porocytes allow incurrents of water
24. Endoskeleton of sponges is made up of:
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Calcareous spicules
  • Calcareous or siliceous spicules, or siliceous spicules and spongin fibres
25. Spicules of sponges are named according to their
  • Form
  • Size
  • Number of spines
  • Colour
26. In Leucosolenia spicules are formed by:
  • Calcoblasts
  • Silicoblasts
  • Spinoblasts
  • Spongioblasts
27. The skeleton of sponges is secreted by
  • Myocytes
  • Scleroblasts
  • Phagocytes
  • Chromocytes
28. Solitary, hypothetical ancestral stage of sponge is:
  • Rhagon
  • Leucon
  • Oscarelia
  • Olynthus
29. Classification of phylum Porifera is primarily based on:
  • Canal system
  • Spicules
  • Symmetry
  • Branching
30. The sponge showing commensalism with shrimps is:
  • Adamsia
  • Eupagurus
  • Euplectella
  • Euspongia
31. Euplectella is a:
  • Limy sponge
  • Glass sponge
  • Boring sponge
  • Freshwater sponge
32. Which one of the following sponges is famous for the beauty of skeleton?
  • Pheronema
  • Leucosolenia
  • Euspongia
  • Euplectella
33. Glassrope sponges belong to the class:
  • Hyalospongiae
  • Calcispongiae
  • Demospongiae
  • Sclerospongiae
34. 'Till death we do not part' is symbolized by:
  • Spongilla
  • Euplectella
  • Sycon
  • Hyalonema
35. Six-rayed spicules are found in:
  • Olynthus
  • Leucosolenia
  • Euplectella
  • Demospongiae
36. What is left after a bath sponge disintegrates and dries?

[AIIMS 2002, JIPMER 2004, AMU 2007]

  • Silk fibres
  • Muscle fibres
  • Spongin fibres
  • Nerve fibres
37. Which of the following is a freshwater sponge?
  • Spongilla
  • Euplectella
  • Sycon
  • Hyalonema
38. Natural sponge is prepared from:
  • Spongilla
  • Euspongia
  • Glassrope sponge
  • Leaf sponge
39. Best commercial sponges are cultivated in:
  • Indian Ocean
  • Mediterranean Sea
  • Arabian Sea
  • Pacific Ocean
40. The costliest and finest 'Turkish Bath Sponge' is:
  • Hippospongia
  • Spongia officinalis
  • Euplectella aspergillum
  • Hyalonema longissimum
41. Which of the following is detrimental to pearl industry?
  • Euspongia
  • Oyster
  • Cliona
  • Leucosolenia
42. Boring sponge is:
  • Chalina
  • Cliona
  • Leucosolenia
  • Ascon
43. Leucosolenia is:
  • Free-living, Solitary and Marine
  • Sessile, Solitary and Marine
  • Sessile, Colonial and Marine
  • Sessile, Colonial and Freshwater
44. Body of Leucosolenia is:
  • Cylindrical and Radially symmetrical
  • Spherical and Symmetrical
  • Cylindrical and Asymmetrical
  • Elliptical and Asymmetrical
45. Leucosolenia is found in:
  • Shallow water
  • Deep water
  • Pond water
  • Freshwater
46. Which of the following is found in Porifera?
  • Coelenteron
  • Pseudocoel
  • Gastrovascular cavity
  • Paragastric cavity
47. Pinacocytes are present in the body of:
  • Sponge
  • Hydra
  • Snail
  • Rabbit
48. Porocytes are special cells for the passage of:
  • Excretory products within body of flatworms
  • Sweat upon surface of mammalian epidermis
  • Incoming water current in the body of sponges
  • Outgoing water current on top of sponges
49. In sponge body, the mesenchyme contains:
  • Amoebocytes
  • Pinacocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Choanocytes
50. Cells not found in sponges:

[CPMT 2006, Har. PMT 2006, CMC Vellore 2008]

  • Porocytes
  • Myocytes
  • Cnidoblasts
  • Calcoblasts
51. Function of thesocytes in Leucosolenia is:
  • Secretion of slime
  • As sex cells
  • As embryonic reserve
  • Food storage
52. Muscles in sponges are:
  • Striated
  • Smooth
  • Both striated and Smooth
  • None of these
53. Which type of cells are capable of giving rise to other types in sponges?

[Pb. PMT 2004, PCS 2005, BHU 2006, Wardha 2008, CPMT 2008]

  • Collencytes
  • Pinacocytes
  • Archaeocytes
  • Thesocytes
54. Totipotent cells of sponges are:

[CPMT 2006]

  • Chromocytes
  • Myocytes
  • Thesocytes
  • Archaeocytes
55. Which of the following cells in sponges catch food?

[CPMT 2005]

  • Pinacocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Thesocytes
  • Archaeocytes
56. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
  • Amoebocytes — Transport food to non-feeding cells
  • Collar cells — Movement of water and filtering food
  • Osculum — Control of water entry
  • Spicules — Skeletal supporting element
57. In sponges, sperms and ova arise from:
  • Archaeocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Collencytes
  • Spongioblasts
58. The power of regeneration in sponges is due to:
  • Thesocytes
  • Archaeocytes
  • Amoebocytes
  • Scleroblasts
59. Which cells of sponges contract?
  • Porocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Pinacocytes
  • Myocytes
60. Canal system is characteristic of:

[RPMT 2004, BCECE 2007, Odisha JEE 2007, 11]

  • Hydra
  • Sea anemone
  • Sponges
  • Sea urchin
61. Which is the correct sequence of the path of water current flowing through Leucosolenia?
  • Ostium → Spongiocoel → Osculum
  • Spongiocoel → Ostium → Osculum
  • Ostium → Spongiocoel → Osculum
  • Spongiocoel → Osculum → Ostium
62. Sponges need a continuous current of water flowing through their bodies for:
  • Respiration
  • Respiration and Excretion
  • Respiration, Excretion and Reproduction
  • Respiration, Excretion, Nutrition and Reproduction
63. Type of canal system in Leucosolenia is:

[BHU 2007]

  • Ascon
  • Sycon
  • Leucon
  • Rhagon
64. A larval canal system of sponge is:
  • Ascon
  • Rhagon
  • Sycon
  • Leucon
65. Radial canals are lined by:
  • Pinacocytes
  • Collencytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Porocytes
66. In sponges, prosopyle is:
  • Contractile element at the osculum
  • Small canal which connects incurrent canal with radial canal
  • Cells which form lining of spongiocoel
  • Cell at the opening of incurrent canal
67. The most natural concept of individuality of sponges, based on morphological and physiological aspect is:
  • Osculum and Choanocytes
  • Ostia and Canal system
  • Osculum and Canal system
  • Ostia and Diploblastic body
68. Digestion in Leucosolenia and other sponges is:
  • Only intracellular
  • First intracellular, then extracellular
  • Only extracellular
  • First extracellular, then intracellular
69. In Leucosolenia, digestion takes place in:
  • Paragastric cavity
  • Stomach
  • Food saccules
  • Cytoplasm
70. Many sponges may be bigger than fishes but have no respiratory organs because they:
  • Do not need respiratory organs
  • Are very small
  • Respire anaerobically
  • Have highly porous bodies
71. The chief nitrogenous waste of the sponges is:
  • Urea
  • Ammonia
  • Uric acid
  • Carbon dioxide
72. All are hermaphrodites in:
  • Annelida
  • Porifera
  • Freshwater sponges
  • Marine sponges
73. Which of the following is not true for reproduction in sponges?
  • Asexual reproduction by gemmules
  • Trapping of sperms by choanocytes
  • Gametes production by epidermal cells
  • Internal fertilization
74. Budding as a normal mode of asexual reproduction is found in:
  • Sponges and Starfishes
  • Tapeworm and Hydra
  • Starfish and Hydra
  • Hydra and Sponges
75. Main process of asexual reproduction in Leucosolenia is:
  • Budding
  • Branching and Regeneration
  • Formation of reduction bodies
  • None of the above
76. Exogenous budding of asexual reproduction in sponges is known as:
  • Regeneration
  • Amphimixis
  • Gemmulation
  • Gemmation
77. Gemmule formation in sponges is helpful in:

[HPPMT 2006, Uttarakhand PMT 2007, BV Pune 2008]

  • Sexual reproduction
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Only dissemination
  • None of these
78. Freshwater sponges form internal asexual products called:

[Kerala PMT 2006]

  • Planula
  • Buds
  • Branches
  • Gemmule
79. The gemmules of sponges contain:

[PCS 2000]

  • Pinacocytes
  • Archaeocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Thesocytes
80. Internal fertilization occurs in:
  • Obelia
  • Sycon
  • Asterias
  • Branchiostoma
81. Cleavage in Leucosolenia is:
  • Equal holoblastic
  • Unequal holoblastic
  • Meroblastic
  • Superficial
82. Parenchymula is the larva of
  • Clathrina
  • Ascaris
  • Hydra
  • Metaphire
83. Larva of sponge is:
  • Planula
  • Veliger
  • Amphiblastula
  • Trichophore
84. Which is not a larva of sponge?
  • Parenchymula
  • Stereogastrula
  • Amphiblastula
  • Tornaria
85. The larva of Sycon is:
  • Parenchymula
  • Amphiblastula
  • Redia
  • Planula
86. Rhagon type of larva is found in
  • Spongilla
  • Leucosolenia
  • Sycon
  • All sponges
87. Parenchymula is comparable to:
  • Carcaria of Fasciola
  • Rhabditoid of Ascaris
  • Trochophore of annelid
  • Planula of coelenterates
88. Wilson's experiment in sponges is related with:
  • Fertilization
  • Regeneration
  • Development
  • Spicule formation
89. Zoological name of common bath sponge is:
  • Hyalonema
  • Euplectella
  • Grantia
  • Euspongia
90. Which one of these is referred to as 'Venus Flower Basket'?

[Kerala PMT 2009]

  • Euplectella
  • Sycon
  • Cliona
  • Spongilla
91. The generic name of glass-rope sponge is:
  • Spongilla
  • Hyalonema
  • Sycon
  • Euplectella
92. Phylogenetically, the sponges have evolved from:
  • Phytoflagellates
  • Choanoflagellates
  • Both of these
  • None of these
93. The correct sequence in which water flows into the body of Sycon and comes out of it is:
  • Ostia → Apopyles → Osculum → Prosopyles
  • Ostia → Apopyles → Prosopyles → Osculum
  • Ostia → Prosopyles → Apopyles → Osculum
  • Apopyles → Ostia → Prosopyles → Osculum
94. Porifera is characterized by the presence of:
  • Coelenteron
  • Paragastric cavity
  • Coelom
  • Pseudocoelom
95. Choanocytes form the lining of paragastric cavity in:

[JKCMEE 2009]

  • Jellyfish
  • Sponges
  • Helminthes
  • Echinoderms
96. Which of the following statements is without exception for sponges?
  • They are found only in marine water
  • They all have calcareous spicules
  • They are all radially symmetrical
  • They have high regenerative power
97. In sponges, the diameter of ostia is regulated by:
  • Choanocytes
  • Porocytes
  • Myocytes
  • Pinacocytes
98. Choanocytes are found in:
  • Sycon
  • Proterospongia
  • Both Sycon and Proterospongia
  • None of the above
99. The incurrent canals of sponges are lined by:

[PCS 20]

  • Pinacocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Porocytes
  • None of these
100. The free-swimming larva of sponges is known as:
  • Veliger
  • Bipinnaria
  • Trochophore
  • Parenchymula
101. Match Column I with Column II and select the correct answer:
  • Six-rayed siliceous spicules — Calcarea
  • Spongin fibres aragonite and spicules — Demospongiae
  • Spongin fibres and siliceous spicules — Sclerospongiae
  • Aragonite spicules — Hexactinellida
102. Leucon type of canal system is found in:
  • Sycon
  • Euplectella
  • Spongilla
  • Leucosolenia
103. An example of the group which is considered as blind in animal kingdom is:
  • Chalina
  • Chelone
  • Espongia
  • Sycon and Euspongia
104. Spicules are found in:

[JKCMEE 2011]

  • Sycon
  • Chiroptera
  • Herdmania and Sycon
  • Sycon and Euspongia
105. Spongin fibres are present in:

[CPMT 2001]

  • Calcarea
  • Demospongiae
  • Hyalospongiae
  • Both (a) and (b)
106. Sponge cells that store reserve food material in the form of glycogen are:

[PCS 2002]

  • Thesocytes
  • Chromocytes
  • Trophocytes
  • Archaeocytes
107. Which of the following cells of Leucosolenia sponge is self-replicating and capable of giving rise to all other types of cells?

[AMU]

  • Amoebocyte
  • Chromocyte
  • Choanocyte
  • Collencyte
108. Sycon belongs to a group of animals, which are best described as:

[AIPMT]

  • Unicellular or acellular
  • Multicellular with a gastrovascular system
  • Multicellular without any tissue organization
  • Multicellular having tissue organization, but no body cavity
109. Canal system in Porifera is not concerned with:

[AFMC 2005]

  • Respiration
  • Nutrition
  • Sexual reproduction
  • None of these
110. From the following statements select the wrong one:

[AIPMT 2005]

  • Prawn has two pairs of antennae
  • Nematocysts are characteristic of the phylum Cnidaria
  • Millipedes have two pairs of appendages in each segment of the body
  • Animals belonging to phylum Porifera are exclusively marine
111. Members of phylum Porifera are:

[VMMC-Safdarjung 2004]

  • Exclusively marine animals
  • Exclusively freshwater animals
  • Mostly freshwater animals but few are marine animals
  • Mostly marine animals but few are freshwater animals
112. Without tissue organization is called:

[Pb. PMT 2004]

  • Metazoa
  • Protozoa
  • Parazoa
  • Eumetazoa
113. The sponges were classified with plants till the discovery of:
  • Spongiocoel
  • Spicules
  • Osculum
  • Circulation of water through their body
114. Food storage in Leucosolenia occurs by:

[JIPMER 2006]

  • Ostia
  • Osculum
  • Thesocyte
  • Spongiocoel
115. The phenomenon of regeneration in sponges was observed and explained by:

[Uttarakhand PMT 2006]

  • Aristotle
  • John Ellis
  • H.W. Wilson
  • Robert E. Grant
116. Assertion (A): In sponges, archaeocytes are totipotent. Reason (R): They give rise to all types of amoebocytes and are self-replicating.

[VMMC-Safdarjung 2007]

  • Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
  • Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  • (A) is true statement but (R) is false
  • Both (A) and (R) are false
117. Which is not correct for sponges?

[Odisha JEE 2009]

  • Internal fertilization
  • External fertilization
  • Gemmule formation
  • Gametes are formed from epidermal cells
118. One of the following is not a characteristic feature of sponges:

[Kerala PMT 2010]

  • Presence of ostia
  • Indirect development
  • Intracellular digestion
  • Body supported by chitin
119. Match the following and select the correct answer:

[Kerala PMT 2010]

  • Choanocytes — Porifera
  • Cnidoblasts — Coelenterata
  • Flame cells — Platyhelminthes
  • Nephridia — Annelida
120. Choanocytes are found in:

[CPMT 2010, HPPMT 2010, MPPMT 2011]

  • Protozoa
  • Porifera
  • Coelenterates
  • Ctenophora
121. One animal that does not perform locomotion is:

[JKCMEE 2011]

  • Sycon
  • Sepia
  • Nereis
  • Euglena
122. Which one of the following animal phyla possesses spicules?

[WB-JEE 2012]

  • Porifera
  • Annelida
  • Mollusca
  • Platyhelminthes
123. In most simple type of canal system of Porifera, water flows through which one of the following ways?

[WB-JEE 2012]

  • Spongocoel → Ostia → Exterior
  • Spongocoel → Osculum → Exterior
  • Osculum → Spongocoel → Ostia
  • Osculum → Ostia → Exterior
124. Cellular organization of body is present in:

[MH-CET 2014]

  • Porifera
  • Annelida
  • Urochordata
  • Platyhelminthes
125. Which one of the following statements is wrong?

[WB-JEE 2015]

  • Insects have one pair of antennae
  • Prawns have two pairs of antennae
  • Millipedes possess two pairs of appendages in each segment of the body
  • Animals belonging to the phylum Porifera have nematocyst
126. Body having meshwork of cells, internal cavities lined with food-filtering flagellated cells and indirect development are the characteristics of phylum:

[Re-AIPMT 2015]

  • Protozoa
  • Porifera
  • Mollusca
  • Coelenterata
127. What is the range of length of sponges?

[BCECE 2015]

  • 1 mm–10 mm
  • 1 cm–1 metre
  • 1 mm–100 mm
  • 1 metre–10 metre
128. Poterion is an example of:

[BCECE 2015]

  • Protozoa
  • Porifera
  • Cnidaria
  • Ctenophora
129. In case of poriferans, the spongocoel is lined with flagellated cells called:

[NEET-UG 2017]

  • Ostia
  • Oscula
  • Choanocytes
  • Mesenchymal cells