1. Phylum
    2. 1. Classification of Animals
    2. Protozoa
    3. Porifera
    4. Coelenterata
    5. Platyhelminthes
    6. Nemathelminthes
    7. Annelida
    8. Earthworm
    9. Arthropoda
    10. Cockroach
    11. Mosquito
    12. Honey bee and Silk moth
    13. Mollusca
    14. Echinodermata
    15. Hemichordata
    16. Chordata
    17. Pisces
    18. Amphibia
    19. Frog
    20. Reptile
    21. Aves
    22. Mammalia
    23. Rabbit bone
  2. Animal Behaviour and Adaptation
    3. 24. Animal behaviour
    25. Animal adaptation
    26. Migration
  3. Developmental Biology
    4. 27. Development of Animals
    28. Development of Frog
  4. Human Biology
    5. 29. Tissues
    30. Sense organs
    31. Digestive system
    32. Circulatory system
    33. Respiratory system
    34. Nervous system
    35. Endocrine system
    36. Reproductive system
    37. Excretory system
    38. Skeletal system
    39. Basic concept of Immunology
    40. Human diseases
  5. Evolutionary Biology
    6. 41. Origin of Life
    42. Organic Evolution
    43. Theories of Evolution
    44. Evolution of Human beings
    45. Horse Evolution
Phylum
16. Chordata
▢ Phylum: Chordata
▢ Introduction:
❖ Definition: Chordata refers to the presence of a stiff, supporting rod-like structure along the back called Notochord. (Gr., noton = the back; L., chorda = chord)
❖ Characteristics:
  1. Bilaterally symmetrical
  2. Metamerically segmented
  3. Deuterostomate
❖ ChordateFeatures:
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal tubular nerve cord
  3. Pharyngeal gill slits/ Pouches
  4. Post anal tail
❖ OtherFeatures:
    ◈ Endostyle_or_Thyroid:
    ■ Description: An endostyle is a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles.
    ■ FoundIn:
    1. Urochordates
    2. Cephalochordates
    3. Larvae of lampreys
    ■ OtherNames: Hypopharyngeal groove
  1. Complete digestive tract
  2. Ventral, contractile blood vessel (heart)
  3. Presence of true coelom (Schizocoel in vertebrates and Enterocoel in protochordates)
▢ Classification:
❖ Group:
◉ Acraniata_Protochordata:
◈ Traits:
  1. Primitive chordates
  2. Vertebrae and paired appendages absent
  3. All protochordates are marine
◈ Sub-Phylum:
■ Urochordata:
● CommonNames:
  1. Sea squirt
  2. Tunicates
● Features:
  1. Notochord present only in the tail region of larva
  2. Exclusively marine, solitary or colonial, fixed or pelagic
  3. Body wall = tunic (connective tissue-like)
  4. Calcareous spicules present
  5. Retrogressive metamorphosis in adult
  6. Blood travels in both directions
● Examples:
  1. Ascidia (Sea squirt)
  2. Pyrosoma
  3. Herdmania (Sea potato)
  4. Ciona
  5. Molgula
  6. Salpa
  7. Doliolum
  8. Botryllus
● SpecialNotes:
  1. Ascidian comprises the largest class of tunicates
  2. Pyrosoma emits strongest light among marine organisms
■ Cephalochordata:
● CommonName: Lancelets
● Features:
  1. All four chordate features are present throughout life
  2. Notochord extends from tail to head
  3. Small, elongate, laterally flattened, nearly transparent, tadpole-like body
● Digestion: Filter feeders
● Circulation: No true heart; contractile vessels propel blood
● Excretion: Protonephridia with solenocytes
● Reproduction:
⟣ Sexes: Dioecious
⟣ Gonads: Numerous and metamerically repeated
⟣ Gonoducts: Absent
⟣ Asexual reproduction: Absent
⟣ Development: Indirect, includes free-swimming larva
● UniqueStructure: Wheel organ
● Examples:
  1. Branchiostoma (Amphioxus)
  2. Asymmetron
◉ Craniata_Euchordata:
◈ Sub-Phylum:
■ Vertebrata:
● Features:
  1. Advanced chordates
  2. Well-developed cranium and vertebral column
  3. Notochord embryonic; replaced by vertebral column in adults
  4. Cephalization with special sense organs (smell, sight, hearing)
● Groups:
⟣ Anamniota_vs_Amniota:
➢ Anamniota:
⬦ Definition: Vertebrates without amnion and other extra-embryonic membranes
⬦ Examples:
  1. Pisces
  2. Amphibia
➢ Amniota:
⬦ Definition: Vertebrates with amnion and other extra-embryonic membranes
⬦ Examples:
  1. Reptiles
  2. Aves
  3. Mammals
⟣ Poikilothermous_vs_Homoiothermous:
➢ Poikilothermous:
⬦ Definition: Cold-blooded, does not maintain constant body temperature
⬦ Examples:
  1. Pisces
  2. Amphibia
  3. Reptiles
➢ Homoiothermous:
⬦ Definition: Warm-blooded, maintains constant body temperature
⬦ Examples:
  1. Aves
  2. Mammals
⟣ Kidney_Types:
➢ Pronephric:
⬦ Stage: Earliest stage in human
⬦ PermanentIn:
  1. Lampreys
  2. Hagfish
  3. Tadpole of Frog
➢ Mesonephric:
⬦ DevelopsAfter: Pronephric
⬦ PresentIn:
  1. Fishes
  2. Amphibia
  3. Adult Frog
  4. Embryo of Mammals
➢ Metanephric:
⬦ FinalFunctional: In reptiles, birds, adult mammals
⬦ Feature: Contains Loop of Henle
● Division:
⟣ Agnatha:
➢ Features:
  1. Primitive vertebrates
  2. Endoskeleton fibrous and cartilaginous
  3. Notochord persists throughout life
  4. Without jaws and paired appendages
  5. Internal ear with one or two semicircular canals
➢ Classes:
⬦ Ostracodermi:
○ Notes:
  1. Extinct, first primitive vertebrates
  2. Body covered by bony armour
  3. Bottom dwellers, likely filter feeders
○ Examples:
  1. Cephalaspis
  2. Drepanaspis
⬦ Cyclostomata:
○ Features:
  1. Ventral, circular, suctorial mouth
  2. Eel-shaped, scaleless, jawless, no lateral fins
  3. Cartilaginous cranium and vertebral column
  4. Single, median nostril
  5. 6–15 pairs of pouch-like gill slits
  6. Closed circulatory system
  7. Ectoparasites or scavengers
  8. Marine, migrate to freshwater for spawning; die after spawning
○ Examples:
  1. Petromyzon (Lamprey)
  2. Myxine (Hagfish)
⟣ Gnathostomata:
➢ Features:
⬦ CranialNerves:
○ Pisces_Amphibia: 10 pairs
○ Rana_tigrina: 9 pairs
○ Man: 12 cranial, 31 spinal
○ Rabbit: 12 cranial, 37 spinal
➢ Super-Class:
⬦ Pisces:
○ Classes:
  1. Chondrichthyes
  2. Osteichthyes
⬦ Tetrapoda:
○ Classes:
○ Amphibia:
○ Reptilia:
○ Aves:
○ Mammalia:
○ Subclasses:
○ Protheria:
○ Order:
  1. Monotremata
○ Theria:
○ Infraclass:
○ Metatheria:
○ Order:
  1. Marsupials (Kangaroo)
○ Eutheria:
○ Orders:
  1. Insectivora
  2. Dermaptera
  3. Chiraptera
  4. Edentata
  5. Pholidota
  6. Rodentia
  7. Lagomorpha
  8. Carnivora
  9. Cetacea
  10. Sirenia
  11. Tubulidenta
  12. Proboscoidea
  13. Hyracoidea
  14. Perrisodactyla
  15. Artiodactyla
  16. Primates
○ Examples:
○ Lagomorpha:
  1. Rabbit
1. Which of the following is present in embryonic stage also persists in some of the chordates

[MOE 2002]

  • Notochord
  • Anal tail
  • Pharyngeal gill slits
  • All of these
2. The elastic cord present in chordates above alimentary canal

[MOE 1999]

  • Notochord
  • Backbone
  • Vertebral column
  • Spinal cord
3. The flexible rod on the dorsal surface in higher animal is called

[MOE 2055]

  • Vertebrae
  • Notochord
  • Back bone
  • spinal cord
4. Electric ray is

[MOE 2062]

  • Echinodermata
  • Teleostei
  • Elasmobranch
  • Fresh water fish
5. In which of the following does heart pump only deoxygenated blood.

[IOM 2001]

  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
6. Ophiology is the study of

[IOM 1999]

  • Lizard
  • Frog
  • Snake
  • Fish
7. Fangs of snakes are developed on

[MOE 2063]

  • Maxillae
  • Squamosal
  • Mandible
  • Palatine
8. The muscular diaphragm is a distinctive character of:

[MOE 2061]

  • Pisces
  • Reptiles
  • Aves
  • Mammals
9. Pinna is the characteristic of

[MOE 2060]

  • Vertebrates
  • Invertebrates
  • Chordates
  • Mammals
10. Which of the following is not properly matched different from the other three animals

[MOE 1999]

  • Whale
  • Crayfish
  • Turtle
  • Frog
11. The distinguishing characteristic of the marsupials is the possession of

[MOE 2000]

  • Scaly tail
  • Diaphragm
  • Pouch
  • Four chambered heart
12. Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name of common dog?

[MOE 2001]

  • Canis familiaris
  • Canis fameiliars
  • Canis familearis
  • Cajanus cajus
13. Which of the following is true fish?

[MOE 2000]

  • Seacow
  • Sea cucumber
  • Sea horse
  • Cuttle fish
14. Parthenogenesis is

[MOE 2056]

  • Development without fertilization
  • Formation of embryo
  • Germination of zygospore
  • Fusion of male and female gametes
15. Birds and bats are good fliers. The bat differs from birds in having

[MOE 2055]

  • Diaphragm
  • 4 chambered heart
  • Small brain
  • Wings
16. Omosternum is absent in

[MOE 2053]

  • Frog
  • Toad
  • Frog and toad
  • None
17. Urinary bladder is absent in:

[IOM 2007]

  • Reptilia
  • Aves
  • Frog
  • Mammals
18. Most distinguished feature of eutherian mammals is presence of:

[IOM 2006]

  • Pinna
  • Hairs
  • Diaphragm
  • Placenta
19. Animals without tail fall in:

[IOM 2005]

  • Apoda
  • Anura
  • Urodela
  • None
20. Seminiferous tubules in vertebrates are lined with:

[IOM 2005]

  • Ciliated epithelium
  • Cuboidal epithelium
  • Striated epithelium
  • Squamous epithelium
21. In viviparous animal, fertilization is:

[IOM 2005]

  • Internal
  • External
  • Internal or external
  • Intra-ovarian
22. The part of the ear that distinguish different pitches is the:

[IOM 2004]

  • Organ of corti
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Semicircular canals
  • Auditory nerve
23. Most primitive placental mammal is:

[IOM 2003]

  • Platypus
  • Bat
  • Shrew
  • Mouse
24. In which of the following only oxygenated blood

[IOM 2002]

  • Fishes
  • Reptiles
  • Prawn
  • Frog
25. Lateral line organ is found in:

[IOM 2002]

  • Amphibia
  • Gnathostomata
  • Osteichthyes
  • Reptilia
26. Uric acid is the main nitrogenous waste product in:

[IOM 2001]

  • Fish
  • Birds
  • Amphibians
  • Mammals
27. The no. of cervical vertebrae in giraffe is:

[IOM 2001]

  • 14
  • 17
  • 7
  • 8
28. When a bird is transferred from 30°C to 10°C, its body temperature:

[IOM 1998]

  • Is maintained at original level due to increased dissipation of heat
  • Rises above normal level due to increase production and conservation of heat
  • Is maintained at original level due to increased conservation and production of heat
  • Declines due to increased dissipation of heat
29. Owls move freely during the night because they have:

[IOM 1999]

  • Only cones in their retina
  • Only rods in their retina
  • Plenty of vitamin A
  • Adjustable pupil
30. Which of the following is a true fish?

[BPKIHS 2007]

  • Devil fish
  • Cuttle fish
  • Silver fish
  • Flying fish
31. Lung fish (Lepidosiren) is found in:

[IE 2008]

  • South America
  • Africa
  • Australia
  • Asia
32. Poison glands of snakes are modified

[IE 2003]

  • Linguals
  • Sublinguals
  • Maxillaries
  • Parotids
33. Amphibians are developed from

[IE 2006]

  • Osteichthyes
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Placodermi
  • Hemichordate
34. Modern birds are closely related to

[IE 2007]

  • Mammals
  • Lizards
  • Crocodiles
  • Turtles
35. In which of the following gills develop in association with pharyngeal pouches:

[IE 2008]

  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
  • Fishes
36. A unique feature of mammalian body is presence of

[IE 2009]

  • Four chambered heart
  • Diaphragm
  • Homeothermic
  • Rib cage
37. Which feature is different between birds and mammals?

[IOM 2014]

  • Parental care
  • Cervical vertebra
  • Aortic arch
  • Metanephric kidney
38. Migration in birds is a result of

[IOM 2014]

  • Breeding
  • For shelter
  • Daylight which affect endocrine gland
  • Food storage
39. The fish green in colour

[BPKIHS 2014]

  • Stone fish
  • Puntius semifasciolatus
  • Lung fish
  • Sail fish
40. Which one of the following is chordate character

[BPKIHS 2014]

  • Post anal tail
  • Ventral nerve cord
  • Dorsal tubular nerve cord
  • Both (a) and (c)
41. Pneumatic bone is found in

[BPKIHS 2015]

  • Whale
  • Dolphin
  • Lizard
  • Pigeon
42. A chordate may not have:

[MOE 2014]

  • Notochord
  • Tubular nerve cord
  • Gill slits
  • Vertebral column
43. Non nucleated RBC is found in the class:

[KU 2011]

  • Amphibia
  • Reptilia
  • Aves
  • Mammalia