1. Phylum
    2. 1. Classification of Animals
    2. Protozoa
    3. Amoeba
    4. Entamoeba
    5. Paramecium
    6. Euglena
    7. Leishmania
    8. Trypanosoma
    9. Plasmodium
    10. Giardia lamblia
    11. Balantidium
    12. Porifera
    13. Coelenterata
    14. Platyhelminthes
    15. Nemathelminthes
    16. Annelida
    17. Earthworm
    18. Arthropoda
    19. Cockroach
    20. Mosquito
    21. Honey bee and Silk moth
    22. Mollusca
    23. Echinodermata
    24. Hemichordata
    25. Chordata
    26. Pisces
    27. Amphibia
    28. Frog
    29. Reptile
    30. Aves
    31. Mammalia
    32. Rabbit bone
  2. Animal Behaviour and Adaptation
    3. 33. Animal behaviour
    34. Animal adaptation
    35. Migration
  3. Developmental Biology
    4. 36. Development of Animals
    37. Development of Frog
  4. Human Biology
    5. 38. Tissues
    39. Sense organs
    40. Digestive system
    41. Circulatory system
    42. Respiratory system
    43. Nervous system
    44. Endocrine system
    45. Reproductive system
    46. Excretory system
    47. Skeletal system
    48. Basic concept of Immunology
    49. Human diseases
  5. Evolutionary Biology
    6. 50. Origin of Life
    51. Organic Evolution
    52. Theories of Evolution
    53. Evolution of Human beings
    54. Horse Evolution
Phylum
1. Classification of Animals
GRADES OF BODY ORGANIZATION/ LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION
Image 1
Image 1
Fig. Acellular grade of body
organization in Amoeba
Grade of organisation refers to the levels in which the cells are arranged
Protoplasmic grade/ Molecular grade / Acellular grade
Characteristics
All life activities within a single cell
Organisms
  1. Protozoa and Other unicellular organisms
Cellular grade
Characteristics
  1. Loose association or Aggregation of cells
  2. Slight division of labour
Organisms
Porifera
Tissue grade
Characteristics
  1. Forms definite tissue structures
  2. Tissue is a group of cells having similar shape, structure and origin and perform specific function collectively.
Organisms
Cnidarians
Nerve net
Nerve cells and their processes form a definite tissue structure
Organ grade
Characteristics
  1. Different tissues are organized into organs
  2. Each organ is specialized for a particular function
Organisms
Platyhelminthes
Organs
  1. Eye (👁️‍🗨️) spots
  2. Proboscis
  3. Reproductive organs
Organ system grade
Characteristics
  1. Organs are specialized to form system which perform specific body function.
Organisms
Nemathelminthes to Chordata
GERM LAYERS
Image 1
Diploblastic Animals
Layers
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
Examples
Protozoa to Coelenterata
Triploblastic Animals
Layers
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
Formation
Cells of either ectoderm, or more usually, the endoderm give rise to a third germ layer, the mesoderm.
Examples
Platyhelminthes to Chordata
BODY CAVITY/ COELOM
Image 1
Fig. A. Acoelomate, B. Pseudocoelomate, C. Eucoelomate
Acoelomates
Organisms
Animals without coelom or body cavity
Examples
  1. Coelenteron in Coelenterata
  2. In Platyhelminthes, the region between the ectodermal epidermis and the endodermal digestive tract is completely filled with mesoderm in the form of a spongy mass of space filling cells called Parenchyma.
Pseudocoelomates/ Blastocoelomates
Description
  1. Cavities not entirely lined by peritoneum.
  2. Called blastocoel which may be a persistent blastocoel or derived from vacuoles within cells.
Examples
Nemathelminthes
Eucoelomates
Description
Cavities bounded on all sides by mesodermal peritoneum.
Subtypes
Schizocoelous
Characteristics
  1. Schizocoelom arises from mesoderemal split.
  2. This body cavity is formed from blocks of mesoderm around the gut that enlarge and hollow out.
  3. All the schizocoelomates are protostomains.
Examples
  1. Annelida
  2. Arthopoda
  3. Mollusca
Haemocoelomates
Description
Coelom filled with blood is called Haemocoel.
Examples
  1. Arthopoda
  2. Mollusca
Enterocoelous
Formation
  1. Enterocoelom arises from outpocketing of the embryonic gut(endoderm).
  2. It is formed by outpocketings of the primitive gut that break off and form the coelom.
  3. All the enterocoelomates are deuterostomes.
Examples
  1. Echinodermata
  2. Hemichordatata
  3. Chordata
1.

Schizocoel is the body cavity of

[BPKIHS 2005]

  • Mollusca

  • Echinoderms

  • Platyhelminthes

  • Annelids

2.

Coelom derived from blastocoel is known as
 

[BPKIHS 2008]

  • Pseudocoelom

  • Schizocoel

  • Haemocoel

  • Enterocoel

3.

Haemocoel is present in

[MOE 2064]

  • Flatworms

  • Roundworms

  • Segmented worms

  • Insects

ANIMAL BODY PLANS
Cell aggregate body plan
Characteristics
  1. Cells are loosely aggregated
  2. Intracellular digestion
Organisms
Sponges
Blind sac body plan
Characteristics
  1. Single gastrovascular cavity opening i.e, Mouth
  2. Mouth present but anus absent
Organisms
  1. Coelenterata and
  2. Platyhelminthes
Tube within a tube body plans
Characteristics
  1. Body consists of two tubes, outer formed by the body wall and inner by digestive tract.
  2. Organs, body cavities and tissues are present between the two tubes.
Organisms
  1. Nemathelminthes onwards
Subtypes
  1. Protostomes
  2. Deuterostomes
Table: Differences beween Protostomes and Deuterostomes
Characteristics
Protostomes
Deuterostomes
Blastopore
  1. Mouth origin from blastopore.
  2. Mouth develops first in the embryo
  1. Anus origin from blastopore.
  2. Anus develops first in the embryo
Coelom formation
Schizocoely
Enterocoely
Cleavage
  1. Spiral cleavage
  2. Determinate cleavage
  1. Radial cleavage
  2. Indeterminate cleavage
Examples
  1. Annelida
  2. Arthopoda
  3. Mollusca
  1. Echinodermata
  2. Hemichordatata
  3. Chordata
1. 'Deuterostomia' are the animals in which blastopore of gastrula becomes
  • Mouth
  • Anus
  • Mouth or Anus
  • None
ANIMAL SYMMETRY
Image 1
Asymmetrical
Characteristics
  1. Body can't be divisible into two similar halves along any plane.
  2. Lack of polarity: There exists no clear differentiation along an axis.
Organisms
Protozoans
Exceptions
Spherical symmetrical
  1. Volvox
  2. Heliozoa
  3. Radiolaria
Bilateral symmetrical
Giardia lamblia
Adult sponges
Exceptions
Radially symmetrical
  1. Larva of sponges
  2. Sycon and Leucosolenia
Some molluscs
  1. Gastropoda due to torsion
Symmetrical
Image 1
Fig. Spherical symmetry in volvox
Spherical symmetry
Characteristics
  1. Body resembles a sphere, suited for floating and rolling animals
  2. Lack of polarity: There exists no clear differentiation along an axis.
Organisms
Protozoa
  1. Volvox
  2. Heliozoa
  3. Radiolaria
Radial symmetry
Characteristics
  1. Body can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through one main axis
  2. Have oral and aboral sides
  3. Usually exhibited in animals attached to the substratum
  4. Like a cake being divided and sub-divided into equal halves and quarters.
Organisms
Sponges
  1. Larva of sponges
  2. Sycon and Leucosolenia
Most of coelentrates
Adult Echinodermata
Larval form
Bilateral symmetry
Adult
Radial symmetry
Biradial symmetry
Image 1
Fig. Biradial symmetry in
Ctenophore
Characteristics
  1. Body can be divided into similar halves by two planes passing through one main axis
Organisms
  1. Sea anemones
  2. Sea walnuts (Comb jellies)/ Ctenophores
Note
Sea anemones
Biradial symmetry > Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
Characteristics
  1. Can be divided along a median Longitudinal or Sagittal plane into two mirrored portions (right and left halves)
  2. Bilateral animals are called Bilateria
  3. Strongly associated with cephalization
Organisms
Flatworms to Mammals except some Molluscs and Echinodermata
1.

Which of the following pairs have the same body plan and symmetry?

[BPKIHS 2001]

  • Obelia and starfish

  • cockroach and frog

  • Hydra and earthworm

  • Pigeon and Leucosolenia

2. Radial symmetry occurs in
  • Porifera and Coelenterata
  • Arthropoda and Mollusca
  • Coelenterata and Echinodermata
  • Coelenterata and Platyhelminthes
METAMERISM/ SEGMENTATION
Segmentation is the serial repetition of similar organs, tissues, cell types or body cavities along the anterior posterior (A-P) axis of bilaterally symmetric animals
Unsegmented
Characteristics
Body without a linear series of segments.
Examples
  1. Nemathelminthes
  2. Molluscs
  3. Echinodermata
Pseudosegmented
Characteristics
  1. Body with many false segments but are independent with each other.
  2. Body grows by addition of new segments from the anterior end.
  3. The body is divided into many segments known as Proglottids which are in different stages of maturation.
Examples
  1. Tapeworm
True segmentation/ Metamerically segmented
Characteristics
  1. Both with a linear series of segments, the segments are interdependent with each oter and work together.
  2. All segments are in same stage of maturation.
Examples
  1. Annelida (Polychaeta and Oligochaeta)
  2. Arthopoda
  3. Chordata
1. Metamerism is characteristic of
  • Porifera
  • Mollusca
  • Annelida
  • Echinodermata
TYPES OF ANIMALS BY NITROGENOUS WASTES REMOVAL
Ammonotelic animals
Nitrogenous Waste
Ammonia
Examples
  1. Porifera
  2. Coelenterata
  3. Platyhelminthes
  4. Nemathelminthes
  5. Annelida
  6. Osteichthyes (Bony fish)
  7. Amphibian tadpoles (Frog tadpole)
Note
Amphibian tadpoles
Frog
Hibernation and Aestivation
Uricotelic
Regular Conditions
Ureotelic
Crocodiles
Ammonotelic
Aminotelic animals
Nitrogenous Waste
Amino acids
Examples
  1. Mollusca
  2. Echinodermata
Uricotelic animals
Nitrogenous Waste
Uric acid
Examples
  1. Insects
  2. Birds
  3. Land snails
  4. Land reptiles (Lizard, Snake)
Ureotelic animals
Nitrogenous Waste
Urea
Examples
  1. Mammals
  2. Chondrichtyes
  3. Semi-aquatic amphibians (Frog, Toads)
Guanotelic animals
Nitrogenous Waste
Guanine
Examples
  1. Spiders
1. The excretion in birds and reptiles is:

[BPKIHS 2015]

  • Aminotelic
  • Ammonotelic
  • Uricotelic
  • Ureotelic
2. Animals in which nitrogen is predominantly excreted in the form of urea are

[KU 2015]

  • Ammonotelic
  • Ureotelic
  • Uricotelic
  • None of the above
ANIMAL HABITATS
Aquatic animals
Lives in water.
Marine
Lives in sea.
Freshwater
Lives in pools, ponds, lakes, streams and rivers.
Terrestrial animals
Lives on land
MODE OF EXISTENCE
Solitary
Characteristics
  1. Lives singly.
Examples
Sycon
Gregarious
Image 1
Fig. Gregarious nature
in sea squirt
Credit. Britannica
Characteristics
  1. Lives in group but don't help each others.
Examples
  1. Sea squirts
Colonial
Characteristics
  1. Lives in group and help each others.
Examples
  1. Ants
  2. Bees
  3. Wasps
Free living animals
Characteristics
Lead an independent life.
Symbiosis
Characteristics
  1. Lives in an intimate relationship with other animals or plants.
Parasitic (+, -)
Characteristics
The symbiont (a parasite) receives benefits at the expense of the host.
Parasite
Ectoparasite
Characteristics
Parasite are external.
Examples
  1. Lice
  2. Tapeworm
Endoparasite
Characteristics
Parasite are internal.
Examples
  1. Liverfluke
  2. Roundworm
  3. Tapeworm
Host
Definitive host
Characteristics
Host in which parasite reach reproductive maturity.
Examples
Mosquito for Plasmodium
Intermediate host
Characteristics
Host that is required for parasite development, but don't reach reproductive maturity.
Examples
Man for Plasmodium
Commensalism (+, 0)
Image 1
Fig. Euplectella
Image 2
Fig. Hydra
Characteristics
Advantageous to one party (symbiont) but leaves other party unaffected (host).
Examples
  1. Spongicole living in Euplectella.
Mutualism (+, +)
Characteristics
Advantageous to one party (symbiont) but leaves other party unaffected (host).
Examples
  1. Zoocholera living in hydra.
NUTRITION
The means by which living organisms obtain the substances required for growth and the maintenance of life is called nutrition.
Holozoic or Zootrophic nutrition (Animal-like)
Utilize ready made solid food in the from of other organisms such as microorganisms, bacteria, yeast, algae, protozoans and small metazoans.
Examples
  1. Amoeba
  2. Paramecium
Holophytic or Autotrophic nutrition (Plant-like)
Obtain food by photosynthesis
Examples
  1. Euglena
  2. Volvox
Saprophytic or Saprozoic nutrition (Fungi-like)
Obtain the dissolved substances in the medium either through the entire surface of the body or through special regions.
Examples
  1. Monocystis
  2. Trypanosoma
Parasitic nutrition
Get nourishment partially or wholly from the digested and decomposed substances of the food of host, either in holozoic or saprozoic manner.
Mixotrophic or mesotrophic nutrition
Feeds by more than one method at the same or different times.
Examples
  1. Entamoeba histolytica which although feed holozoically, also absorb dissolved organic compounds through general body surface.
  2. Euglena feed by both holophytically and saprophytically.
Coprozoic nutrition
Feed upon the faecal matter of other organisms.
Examples
  1. Copromonas is found in faeces of frog.

Multiple Choice Questions

1.

Which of the following pairs have the same body plan and symmetry?

[BPKIHS 2001]

  • Obelia and starfish

  • cockroach and frog

  • Hydra and earthworm

  • Pigeon and Leucosolenia

2.

Schizocoel is the body cavity of

[BPKIHS 2005]

  • Mollusca

  • Echinoderms

  • Platyhelminthes

  • Annelids

3.

Starfish belong to

[BPKIHS 2006]

  • Mollusca

  • Echinodermata

  • Annelids

  • None

4.

Which one of the following is a true fish?

[BPKIHS 2007]

  • Devil fish

  • Cuttle fish

  • Silver fish

  • Flying fish

5.

Salamander is

[BPKIHS 2007]

  • Reptile

  • Mammal

  • Amphibian

  • Bird

6.

Coelom derived from blastocoel is known as
 

[BPKIHS 2008]

  • Pseudocoelom

  • Schizocoel

  • Haemocoel

  • Enterocoel

7.

Which of the following is the smallest unit of classification?

[BPKIHS 2009, BPKIHS 2009]

  • Phylum

  • Variety

  • Genus

  • Species

8.

Neotype is

[I.E. 2003]

  • Nomenclature type from original material

  • Nomenclature type when the original is missing

  • One of the two or more specimens cited by author

  • New species discovered by scientist

9.

Most primitive organisms are

[I.E.]

  • Monerans

  • Protists

  • Fungi

  • Algae

10.

Complexity in classification is of

[I.E. 2005]

  • Prokaryotes

  • Unicellular eukaryotes

  • All animals

  • All plants

11.

Which of the following category contains organism least similar to one another?
 

[I.E. 2007, IOM 2069]

  • Class

  • Genus

  • Family

  • Species

12.

Haemocoel is present in

[MOE 2064]

  • Flatworms

  • Roundworms

  • Segmented worms

  • Insects

13. The excretion in birds and reptiles is:

[BPKIHS 2015]

  • Aminotelic
  • Ammonotelic
  • Uricotelic
  • Ureotelic
14. Gerontology is the study of

[IOM 2013, 2015]

  • Regeneration
  • Ageing
  • Death
  • Growth
15. Study of human race?

[BPKIHS 2016]

  • Eugenics
  • Phenology
  • Entomology
  • Ethnology
16. Ichthyology is the study of

[MOE 2012]

  • Fishes
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
17. Animals in which nitrogen is predominantly excreted in the form of urea are

[KU 2015]

  • Ammonotelic
  • Ureotelic
  • Uricotelic
  • None of the above
18. The term biology was coined by

[KU 2013, 2012]

  • Aristotle
  • Theophrastus
  • Lamarck and Treviranus
  • Linnaeus
19. Metazoans without tissue grade organisation are called
  • Protozoa
  • Parazoa
  • Deuterostomia
  • Eumetazoa
20. Cell-tissue grade of organisation occurs in
  • Hydra
  • Sponge
  • Starfish
  • Liver fluke
21. Radial symmetry occurs in
  • Porifera and Coelenterata
  • Arthropoda and Mollusca
  • Coelenterata and Echinodermata
  • Coelenterata and Platyhelminthes
22. Bilateral symmetry is absent in
  • Obelia
  • Frog
  • Octopus
  • Mammals
23. Which symmetry is found in sea anemone?
  • Biradial
  • Asymmetry
  • Spherical
  • Pentamerous
24. All triploblastic animals are
  • Eucoelomates
  • Schizocoelomates
  • Radially symmetrical
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
25. Metamerism is characteristic of
  • Porifera
  • Mollusca
  • Annelida
  • Echinodermata
26. Which of the following phyla are included in Enterozoa?
  • Annelida, Mollusca, Porifera
  • Porifera, Arthropoda, Mollusca
  • Mollusca, Arthropoda, Hemichordata
  • Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Porifera
27. 'Deuterostomia' are the animals in which blastopore of gastrula becomes
  • Mouth
  • Anus
  • Mouth or Anus
  • None
28. An enterocoelomate invertebrate group is
  • Mollusca
  • Annelida
  • Arthropoda
  • Echinodermata
29. Coelom derived from blastocoel is known as
  • Haemocoel
  • Pseudocoelom
  • Enterocoelom
  • Schizocoel
30. The larva of Physalia is called
  • A Planula
  • An ephyra
  • A cydipped larva
  • A scyphistoma
31. Which of the following may exhibit biradial symmetry?
  • Ctenophora
  • Man
  • Radiolarian
  • Sponge
32. Symmetry found in Heliozoa is
  • Radial
  • Bilateral
  • Biradial
  • Spherical
33. Which one feature is common to leech, cockroach and scorpion?
  • Antenna
  • Nephridia
  • Cephalization
  • Ventral nerve cord
34. How many germ layers are found in a sponge?
  • One
  • Two
  • Three
  • Absent
35. Body is unsegmented in
  • Rana
  • Hydra
  • Metaphire
  • Periplaneta
36. Comb jellies belong to the phylum
  • Ciliophora
  • Coelenterata/ Cnid
  • Porifera
  • Ctenophora
37. Metazoans without tissue grade organisation are called
  • Protozoa
  • Parazoa
  • Deuterostomia
  • Eumetazoa