1. Phylum
    2. 1. Classification of Animals
    2. Protozoa
    3. Porifera
    4. Coelenterata
    5. Platyhelminthes
    6. Nemathelminthes
    7. Annelida
    8. Earthworm
    9. Arthropoda
    10. Cockroach
    11. Mosquito
    12. Honey bee and Silk moth
    13. Mollusca
    14. Echinodermata
    15. Hemichordata
    16. Chordata
    17. Pisces
    18. Amphibia
    19. Frog
    20. Reptile
    21. Aves
    22. Mammalia
    23. Rabbit bone
  2. Animal Behaviour and Adaptation
    3. 24. Animal behaviour
    25. Animal adaptation
    26. Migration
  3. Developmental Biology
    4. 27. Development of Animals
    28. Development of Frog
  4. Human Biology
    5. 29. Tissues
    30. Sense organs
    31. Digestive system
    32. Circulatory system
    33. Respiratory system
    34. Nervous system
    35. Endocrine system
    36. Reproductive system
    37. Excretory system
    38. Skeletal system
    39. Basic concept of Immunology
    40. Human diseases
  5. Evolutionary Biology
    6. 41. Origin of Life
    42. Organic Evolution
    43. Theories of Evolution
    44. Evolution of Human beings
    45. Horse Evolution
Phylum
1. Classification of Animals
GRADES OF BODY ORGANIZATION/ LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION
Image 1
Image 2
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Image 1
Fig. Acellular grade of body
organization in Amoeba
Grade of organisation refers to the levels in which the cells are arranged
Protoplasmic grade/ Molecular grade / Acellular grade
Characteristics
All life activities within a single cell
Organisms
  1. Protozoa and Other unicellular organisms
Cellular grade
Characteristics
  1. Loose association or Aggregation of cells
  2. Slight division of labour
Organisms
Porifera
Tissue grade
Characteristics
  1. Forms definite tissue structures
  2. Tissue is a group of cells having similar shape, structure and origin and perform specific function collectively.
Organisms
Cnidarians
Nerve net
Nerve cells and their processes form a definite tissue structure
Organ grade
Characteristics
  1. Different tissues are organized into organs
  2. Each organ is specialized for a particular function
Organisms
Platyhelminthes
Organs
  1. Eye (👁️‍🗨️) spots
  2. Proboscis
  3. Reproductive organs
Organ system grade
Characteristics
  1. Organs are specialized to form system which perform specific body function.
Organisms
Nemathelminthes to Chordata
GERM LAYERS
Image 1
Diploblastic Animals
Layers
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
Examples
Protozoa to Coelenterata
Triploblastic Animals
Layers
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
Formation
Cells of either ectoderm, or more usually, the endoderm give rise to a third germ layer, the mesoderm.
Examples
Platyhelminthes to Chordata
BODY CAVITY/ COELOM
Image 1
Fig. A. Acoelomate, B. Pseudocoelomate, C. Eucoelomate
Acoelomates
Organisms
Animals without coelom or body cavity
Examples
  1. Coelenteron in Coelenterata
  2. In Platyhelminthes, the region between the ectodermal epidermis and the endodermal digestive tract is completely filled with mesoderm in the form of a spongy mass of space filling cells called Parenchyma.
Pseudocoelomates/ Blastocoelomates
Description
  1. Cavities not entirely lined by peritoneum.
  2. Called blastocoel which may be a persistent blastocoel or derived from vacuoles within cells.
Examples
Nemathelminthes
Eucoelomates
Description
Cavities bounded on all sides by mesodermal peritoneum.
Subtypes
Schizocoelous
Characteristics
  1. Schizocoelom arises from mesoderemal split.
  2. This body cavity is formed from blocks of mesoderm around the gut that enlarge and hollow out.
  3. All the schizocoelomates are protostomains.
Examples
  1. Annelida
  2. Arthopoda
  3. Mollusca
Haemocoelomates
Description
Coelom filled with blood is called Haemocoel.
Examples
  1. Arthopoda
  2. Mollusca
Enterocoelous
Formation
  1. Enterocoelom arises from outpocketing of the embryonic gut(endoderm).
  2. It is formed by outpocketings of the primitive gut that break off and form the coelom.
  3. All the enterocoelomates are deuterostomes.
Examples
  1. Echinodermata
  2. Hemichordatata
  3. Chordata
1.
2.
3.
ANIMAL BODY PLANS
Cell aggregate body plan
Characteristics
  1. Cells are loosely aggregated
  2. Intracellular digestion
Organisms
Sponges
Blind sac body plan
Characteristics
  1. Single gastrovascular cavity opening i.e, Mouth
  2. Mouth present but anus absent
Organisms
  1. Coelenterata and
  2. Platyhelminthes
Tube within a tube body plans
Characteristics
  1. Body consists of two tubes, outer formed by the body wall and inner by digestive tract.
  2. Organs, body cavities and tissues are present between the two tubes.
Organisms
  1. Nemathelminthes onwards
Subtypes
  1. Protostomes
  2. Deuterostomes
Table: Differences beween Protostomes and Deuterostomes
Characteristics
Protostomes
Deuterostomes
Blastopore
  1. Mouth origin from blastopore.
  2. Mouth develops first in the embryo
  1. Anus origin from blastopore.
  2. Anus develops first in the embryo
Coelom formation
Schizocoely
Enterocoely
Cleavage
  1. Spiral cleavage
  2. Determinate cleavage
  1. Radial cleavage
  2. Indeterminate cleavage
Examples
  1. Annelida
  2. Arthopoda
  3. Mollusca
  1. Echinodermata
  2. Hemichordatata
  3. Chordata
1.
ANIMAL SYMMETRY
Image 1
Asymmetrical
Characteristics
  1. Body can't be divisible into two similar halves along any plane.
  2. Lack of polarity: There exists no clear differentiation along an axis.
Organisms
Protozoans
Exceptions
Spherical symmetrical
  1. Volvox
  2. Heliozoa
  3. Radiolaria
Bilateral symmetrical
Giardia lamblia
Adult sponges
Exceptions
Radially symmetrical
  1. Larva of sponges
  2. Sycon and Leucosolenia
Some molluscs
  1. Gastropoda due to torsion
Symmetrical
Image 1
Fig. Spherical symmetry in volvox
Spherical symmetry
Characteristics
  1. Body resembles a sphere, suited for floating and rolling animals
  2. Lack of polarity: There exists no clear differentiation along an axis.
Organisms
Protozoa
  1. Volvox
  2. Heliozoa
  3. Radiolaria
Radial symmetry
Characteristics
  1. Body can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through one main axis
  2. Have oral and aboral sides
  3. Usually exhibited in animals attached to the substratum
  4. Like a cake being divided and sub-divided into equal halves and quarters.
Organisms
Sponges
  1. Larva of sponges
  2. Sycon and Leucosolenia
Most of coelentrates
Adult Echinodermata
Larval form
Bilateral symmetry
Adult
Radial symmetry
Biradial symmetry
Image 1
Fig. Biradial symmetry in
Ctenophore
Characteristics
  1. Body can be divided into similar halves by two planes passing through one main axis
Organisms
  1. Sea anemones
  2. Sea walnuts (Comb jellies)/ Ctenophores
Note
Sea anemones
Biradial symmetry > Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
Characteristics
  1. Can be divided along a median Longitudinal or Sagittal plane into two mirrored portions (right and left halves)
  2. Bilateral animals are called Bilateria
  3. Strongly associated with cephalization
Organisms
Flatworms to Mammals except some Molluscs and Echinodermata
1.
2.
METAMERISM/ SEGMENTATION
Segmentation is the serial repetition of similar organs, tissues, cell types or body cavities along the anterior posterior (A-P) axis of bilaterally symmetric animals
Unsegmented
Characteristics
Body without a linear series of segments.
Examples
  1. Nemathelminthes
  2. Molluscs
  3. Echinodermata
Pseudosegmented
Characteristics
  1. Body with many false segments but are independent with each other.
  2. Body grows by addition of new segments from the anterior end.
  3. The body is divided into many segments known as Proglottids which are in different stages of maturation.
Examples
  1. Tapeworm
True segmentation/ Metamerically segmented
Characteristics
  1. Both with a linear series of segments, the segments are interdependent with each oter and work together.
  2. All segments are in same stage of maturation.
Examples
  1. Annelida (Polychaeta and Oligochaeta)
  2. Arthopoda
  3. Chordata
1.
TYPES OF ANIMALS BY NITROGENOUS WASTES REMOVAL
Ammonotelic animals
Nitrogenous Waste
Ammonia
Examples
  1. Porifera
  2. Coelenterata
  3. Platyhelminthes
  4. Nemathelminthes
  5. Annelida
  6. Osteichthyes (Bony fish)
  7. Amphibian tadpoles (Frog tadpole)
Note
Amphibian tadpoles
Frog
Hibernation and Aestivation
Uricotelic
Regular Conditions
Ureotelic
Crocodiles
Ammonotelic
Aminotelic animals
Nitrogenous Waste
Amino acids
Examples
  1. Mollusca
  2. Echinodermata
Uricotelic animals
Nitrogenous Waste
Uric acid
Examples
  1. Insects
  2. Birds
  3. Land snails
  4. Land reptiles (Lizard, Snake)
Ureotelic animals
Nitrogenous Waste
Urea
Examples
  1. Mammals
  2. Chondrichtyes
  3. Semi-aquatic amphibians (Frog, Toads)
Guanotelic animals
Nitrogenous Waste
Guanine
Examples
  1. Spiders
1.
2.
ANIMAL HABITATS
Aquatic animals
Lives in water.
Marine
Lives in sea.
Freshwater
Lives in pools, ponds, lakes, streams and rivers.
Terrestrial animals
Lives on land
MODE OF EXISTENCE
Solitary
Characteristics
  1. Lives singly.
Examples
Sycon
Gregarious
Image 1
Fig. Gregarious nature
in sea squirt
Credit. Britannica
Characteristics
  1. Lives in group but don't help each others.
Examples
  1. Sea squirts
Colonial
Characteristics
  1. Lives in group and help each others.
Examples
  1. Ants
  2. Bees
  3. Wasps
Free living animals
Characteristics
Lead an independent life.
Symbiosis
Characteristics
  1. Lives in an intimate relationship with other animals or plants.
Parasitic (+, -)
Characteristics
The symbiont (a parasite) receives benefits at the expense of the host.
Parasite
Ectoparasite
Characteristics
Parasite are external.
Examples
  1. Lice
  2. Tapeworm
Endoparasite
Characteristics
Parasite are internal.
Examples
  1. Liverfluke
  2. Roundworm
  3. Tapeworm
Host
Definitive host
Characteristics
Host in which parasite reach reproductive maturity.
Examples
Mosquito for Plasmodium
Intermediate host
Characteristics
Host that is required for parasite development, but don't reach reproductive maturity.
Examples
Man for Plasmodium
Commensalism (+, 0)
Image 1
Fig. Euplectella
Image 2
Fig. Hydra
Characteristics
Advantageous to one party (symbiont) but leaves other party unaffected (host).
Examples
  1. Spongicole living in Euplectella.
Mutualism (+, +)
Characteristics
Advantageous to one party (symbiont) but leaves other party unaffected (host).
Examples
  1. Zoocholera living in hydra.
NUTRITION
The means by which living organisms obtain the substances required for growth and the maintenance of life is called nutrition.
Holozoic or Zootrophic nutrition (Animal-like)
Utilize ready made solid food in the from of other organisms such as microorganisms, bacteria, yeast, algae, protozoans and small metazoans.
Examples
  1. Amoeba
  2. Paramecium
Holophytic or Autotrophic nutrition (Plant-like)
Obtain food by photosynthesis
Examples
  1. Euglena
  2. Volvox
Saprophytic or Saprozoic nutrition (Fungi-like)
Obtain the dissolved substances in the medium either through the entire surface of the body or through special regions.
Examples
  1. Monocystis
  2. Trypanosoma
Parasitic nutrition
Get nourishment partially or wholly from the digested and decomposed substances of the food of host, either in holozoic or saprozoic manner.
Mixotrophic or mesotrophic nutrition
Feeds by more than one method at the same or different times.
Examples
  1. Entamoeba histolytica which although feed holozoically, also absorb dissolved organic compounds through general body surface.
  2. Euglena feed by both holophytically and saprophytically.
Coprozoic nutrition
Feed upon the faecal matter of other organisms.
Examples
  1. Copromonas is found in faeces of frog.
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Multiple Choice Questions

1.

[BPKIHS 2001]

2.

[BPKIHS 2005]

3.

[BPKIHS 2006]

4.

[BPKIHS 2007]

5.

[BPKIHS 2007]

6.

[BPKIHS 2008]

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[BPKIHS 2009, BPKIHS 2009]

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[I.E. 2003]

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[I.E.]

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[I.E. 2005]

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[I.E. 2007, IOM 2069]

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[MOE 2064]

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[BPKIHS 2015]

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[IOM 2013, 2015]

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[BPKIHS 2016]

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[MOE 2012]

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[KU 2015]

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[KU 2013, 2012]

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