1. Anatomy
    2. 1. Spinal cord
    2. Brain stem
    3. Diencephalon Interbrain
    4. Thalamus
    5. Hypothalamus
    6. Cerebellum Little brain
    7. Cerebrum
    8. Internal capsule
    9. Corpus callosum
    10. Sulci and gyri of the cerebrum
    11. Blood supply of brain
    12. Meninges of the brain
    13. Ventricular system and CSF flow
    14. Cranial nerves
    15. Eye
    16. Pharyngeal arches or Branchial arches
    17. Ear
  2. Physiology
    3. 18. Introduction of nervous system
    19. Synapse
    20. Signal transmission
    21. Effects of Drugs on ANS
    22. Motor system and Neuromuscular junction
    23. Reflexes
    24. Sensory system
    25. Maintenance of posture and Reticular formation
    26. Reticular formation
    27. Sleep
    28. Brain
    29. Thalamus
    30. Prefrontal cortex
    31. Higher cortical functions
    32. Speech and Language
    33. Hypothalamus
    34. Cerebellum
    35. Basal ganglia
    36. Limbic system
    37. Eye
    38. Ear
    39. Olfactory system
    40. Gustatory system
  3. Pathology
    4. 41. Meningitis
    42. Encephalitis
    43. Hydrocephalus
    44. Cerebro vascular disease or Stroke
    45. Tumors of CNS
    46. Astrocytoma
    47. Ependymoma
    48. Medulloblastoma
    49. Meningioma
    50. Neurofibroma
    51. Eye
    52. Retinoblastoma
    53. Ear, nose and throat
  4. Pharmacology
    5. 54. Introduction to autonomic pharmacology
    55. Cholinergic drugs
    56. Anti-cholinergic drugs
    57. Adrenergic drugs
    58. Anti-adrenergic drugs
    59. Drugs used in Glaucoma
    60. Drugs used in the treatment of pain
    61. Alcohols
    62. Sedative Hypnotics
    63. Antipsychotics
    64. Antianxiety drugs
    65. Antidepressants
    66. Analeptic agents
    67. Local anaesthetics
    68. General anaesthetics
    69. Anti-parkinsonial drugs
    70. Drugs used to reduce appetite or In the treatment of obesity
    71. Drugs for eye diseases
  5. Microbiology
    6. 72. Neisseria meningitidis
    73. Polio virus
    74. Rabies virus
    75. Japanese B Encephalitis Virus
    76. Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
  6. Biochemistry
    7. 77. Introduction
    78. Acetylcholine neurotransmission steps
    79. Snake venom
    80. Neurotransmitters
Pathology
43. Hydrocephalus
IMAGE
    ◉ data:
    ◈ attributes:
    ■ url: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Hydrocephalus_CDC.png
    ■ caption: Illustration showing different effects of hydrocephalus on the brain and cranium
DEFINITION
Hydrocephalus is defined as the increase in volume of CSF within the ventricular system, accompanied by dilation of ventricles.
TYPES
on_the_basis_of_site_of_accumulation
internal_hydrocephalus
features
  1. Increase in intracranial pressure
  2. Ventricular dilation
external_hydrocephalus
features
Localized collection of CSF in the subarachnoid space.
on_the_basis_of_cause
primary_hydrocephalus
features
  1. Acutal increase in the volume of CSF within the skull.
  2. Elevated intracranial pressure
types
non-communicating_hydrocephalus
features
  1. CSF flow is obstructed within ventricular system or in its outlet to sub-arachnoid space
  2. No communication of CSF between ventricles and sub-arachnoid space.
causes
congenital
  1. Stenosis of Aqueduct of Sylvius
  2. Arnold-Chiari malformation
acquired
tumors
  1. Ependymoma
  2. Choroid plexus papilloma
  3. Medulloblastoma
inflammatory_lesions
  1. Meningitis
  2. Cerebral abscess
hemorrhage
  1. Parenchymal
  2. Intraventricular
communicating_hydrocephalus
features
  1. Full communication between ventricles and sub-arachnoid space.
causes
deficient_absorption_of_CSF
  1. Meningitis
  2. Dural sinus thrombosis
  3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
overproduction_of_CSF
  1. Choroid plexus papilloma
venous_drainage_insufficiency
secondary_hydrocephalus
features
  1. Less common
  2. Compensatory increase in CSF volume due to loss of neural tissue
  3. Not associated with rise in intracranial pressure
causes
  1. Cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's disease
  2. Infarction
MORPHOLOGY
gross
  1. Dilation of ventricles
  2. Hinging of cerebral cortex
  3. Veins overlying the enlarged head are engorged
microscopy
  1. Damage of ependymal lining of ventricle
  2. Periventricular interstital edema
COMPLICATIONS
  1. Raised intracranial pressure
  2. Herniation
  3. Cerebral atrophy