1. Anatomy
    2. 1. Mediastinum
    2. The Heart Development
    3. Pericardium
    4. Features of the Heart
    5. Arterial Supply of Heart
    6. Venous Drainage of the Heart
    7. Conducting System of Heart
    8. Nervous System of Heart
    9. Foetal Circulation and Changes at Birth
    10. Microscopic Structure of Heart
    11. Arteries
    12. Arch of Aorta
    13. Descending Thoracic Artery
    14. Abdominal Aorta
    15. Subclavian Artery
    16. Axiallary Artery
    17. Internal Thoracic Artery
    18. Brachial Artery
    19. Radial Artery
    20. Ulnar Artery
    21. Palmar Arches
    22. External Iliac Artery
    23. Internal Iliac Artery
    24. Femoral Artery
    25. Popliteal Artery
    26. Posterior Tibial Artery
    27. Anterior Tibial Artery
    28. Dorsalis Pedia Artery
    29. Common Carotid Artery
    30. External Carotid Artery
    31. Internal Carotid Artery
    32. Veins
    33. Internal Jugular Vein
    34. External Jugular Vein
    35. Superior Venacava
    36. Inferior Venacava
    37. Brachiocephali vein
    38. Subclavian vein
    39. Axillary vein
    40. Cephalic vein
    41. Basilic vein
    42. Azygous vein
    43. Hemiazyous vein
    44. Accessory Hemiazyoug Vein
    45. Internal Hemiazygous Vein
    46. Internal Iliac Vein
    47. Femoral Vein
    48. Popliteal Vein
    49. Long Saphenous Vein
    50. Small or Short Saphenous Vein
    51. Hepato-portal System
    52. Lymphatic System
    53. Spleen
    54. Thymus
    55. Thoracic duct
  2. Pharmacology
    3. 56. Congestive Heart Failure
    57. Therapy of Arrhythmiasis
    58. Angina pectoris
    59. Therapy of Hypertension
    60. Therapy of Shock
    61. Haemostatic Agents
    62. Therapy of Thromboembolic Disorder
    63. Thrombolytic or Fibrinolytics
    64. Antifibrinolytics
    65. Antiplatelet Drugs
    66. Therapy of Iron Deficiency Anemia
    67. Therapy of Megaloblastic Anaemia
    68. Hypolipidemic Drugs and Plasma Expanders
  3. Physiology
    4. 69. Properties of Myocardial Cells
    70. Heart - A Mechanical Pump
    71. Cardiac Cycle
    72. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
    73. Cardiac Output (CO)
    74. Haemodynamics of Circulation
    75. Heart Sounds
    76. Arterial Pulse
    77. Blood pressure
    78. Regional circulation
    79. Cardiovascular chanes during exercise
    80. Edema Dropsy of fluid retention
    81. Shock
    82. Hematology
  4. Pathology
    5. 83. Anaemia
    84. Hypertension
    85. Hypertensive Heart Disease
    86. Ischemic Heart Disease
    87. Angina pectoris
    88. Myocardial infarction
    89. Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
    90. Acute Pericarditis
    91. Myocarditis
    92. Infective Endocarditis (IE)
    93. Congenital Heart Disease
    94. Cardiomyopathies
    95. Arteriosclerosis
    96. Atherosclerosis
    97. Inflammatory Disease of Blood Vessels
    98. Aneurysms and Dissection
    99. Congestive Heart Failure
    100. Iron Deficiency Anaemia
    101. Megaloblastic anaemia
    102. Pancytopenia
    103. Leucocytosis and Leucopenia
    104. Aplastic anaemia
    105. Haemolytic anaemia
    106. Hereditary Spherocytosis
    107. Haemoglobinipathies
    108. Thalassemia syndrome
    109. Sickle Cell Disease
    110. Leukaemia
    111. Leukemoid reaction
    112. Lymphadenitits
    113. Hodgkin lymphoma
    114. Non-hodgkin lymphoma
    115. Myeloproliferative disorders
    116. Myelofibrosis
    117. Multiple myeloma
    118. Bleeding disorders
    119. Coagulation disorders
    120. any
    121. Blood grouping
  5. Microbiology
    6. 122. Introduction of Blood borne infections
    123. Infective Endocarditis
    124. Brucella
    125. Rickettsiae
    126. Leishmania donovani
    127. Plasmodium
    128. Wuchereria bancrofti
  6. Biochemistry
    7. 129. Metabolism in Blood Cells
    130. Iron metabolism
    131. Haemoglobin
    132. Lipoprotein metabolism
    133. Biochemical aspect of MI
Pathology
83. Anaemia
INTRODUCTION
Image 1
Fig. Anaemia
definition
Anaemia is defined as a reduction of total circulating red blood cell mass below normal limits for the particaular age and sex.
CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of etiology
Blood loss
Acute loss
  1. Trauma
Chronic loss
  1. Gastrointestinal tract lesions
  2. Gynecological disturbances
Increased Red Cell Destruction (Hemolysis)
Inherited genetic defects
Red cell membrane disorders
  1. Hereditary spherocytosis
  2. Hereditary elliptocytosis
Enzyme deficiencies
Hexose monophosphate shunt enzyme deficiencies
  1. G6PD deficiency
  2. Glutathione synthetase deficiency
Glycolytic enzyme deficiencies
  1. Pyruvate kinase deficiency
  2. Hexokinase deficiency
Hemoglobin abnormalities
Deficient globin synthesis
  1. Thalasemia syndromes
Structurally abnormal globins (hemoglobinopathies)
  1. Sickle cell disease
  2. Unstable hemoglobins
Acquired genetic defects
Deficiency of phosphatidylinositol-linked glycoproteins
  1. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Antibody-mediated destruction
  1. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh disease)
  2. Transfusion reactions
  3. Drug-induced
  4. Autoimmune disorders
Mechanical trauma
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias
  1. Hemolytic uremic syndrome
  2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation
  3. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura
Cardiac traumatic hemolysis
  1. Defective cardiac valves
Repetitive physical trauma
  1. Bongo drumming
  2. Marathon running
  3. Karate chopping
Infections of red cells
  1. Malaria
  2. Babesiosis
Toxic or chemical injury
  1. Clostridial sepsis
  2. Snake venom
  3. Lead poisoning
Membrane lipid abnormalities
  1. Abetalipoproteinemia
  2. Severe hepatocellular liver disease
Sequestration
  1. Hypersplenism
Decreased Red Cell Production
Inherited genetic defects
Defects leading to stem cell depletion
  1. Fanconi anaemia
  2. Telomerase defects
Nutritional deficiencies
Deficiencies affecting DNA synthesis
  1. B12 and folate deficiencies
Defects affecting erythroblast maturation
  1. Iron deficiency anaemia
Erythropoietin deficiency
  1. Renal failure
  2. Anaemia of chronic disease
Immune mediated injury of progenitors
  1. Aplastic anaemia
  2. Pure red cell aplasia
Inflammation-mediated iron sequestration
  1. Anaemia of chronic disease
Primary hematopoietic neoplasms
  1. Acute leukemia
  2. Myelodysplasia
  3. Myeloproliferative disorders
Space-occupying marrow lesions
  1. Metastatic neoplasms
  2. Granulomatous disease
Infections of red cell progenitors
  1. Parvovirus B19 infection
Unknown mechanisms
  1. Endocrine disorders
  2. Hepatocellular liver disease
On the basis of morphology
  1. Microcytic, hypochromic
  2. Normocytic, normochromic
  3. Macrocytic, normochromic

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