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Anatomy
1. Mediastinum
2. The Heart Development
3. Pericardium
4. Features of the Heart
5. Arterial Supply of Heart
6. Venous Drainage of the Heart
7. Conducting System of Heart
8. Nervous System of Heart
9. Foetal Circulation and Changes at Birth
10. Microscopic Structure of Heart
11. Arteries
12. Arch of Aorta
13. Descending Thoracic Artery
14. Abdominal Aorta
15. Subclavian Artery
16. Axiallary Artery
17. Internal Thoracic Artery
18. Brachial Artery
19. Radial Artery
20. Ulnar Artery
21. Palmar Arches
22. External Iliac Artery
23. Internal Iliac Artery
24. Femoral Artery
25. Popliteal Artery
26. Posterior Tibial Artery
27. Anterior Tibial Artery
28. Dorsalis Pedia Artery
29. Common Carotid Artery
30. External Carotid Artery
31. Internal Carotid Artery
32. Veins
33. Internal Jugular Vein
34. External Jugular Vein
35. Superior Venacava
36. Inferior Venacava
37. Brachiocephali vein
38. Subclavian vein
39. Axillary vein
40. Cephalic vein
41. Basilic vein
42. Azygous vein
43. Hemiazyous vein
44. Accessory Hemiazyoug Vein
45. Internal Hemiazygous Vein
46. Internal Iliac Vein
47. Femoral Vein
48. Popliteal Vein
49. Long Saphenous Vein
50. Small or Short Saphenous Vein
51. Hepato-portal System
52. Lymphatic System
53. Spleen
54. Thymus
55. Thoracic duct
56
Pharmacology
56. Congestive Heart Failure
57. Therapy of Arrhythmiasis
58. Angina pectoris
59. Therapy of Hypertension
60. Therapy of Shock
61. Haemostatic Agents
62. Therapy of Thromboembolic Disorder
63. Thrombolytic or Fibrinolytics
64. Antifibrinolytics
65. Antiplatelet Drugs
66. Therapy of Iron Deficiency Anemia
67. Therapy of Megaloblastic Anaemia
68. Hypolipidemic Drugs and Plasma Expanders
69
Physiology
69. Properties of Myocardial Cells
70. Heart - A Mechanical Pump
71. Cardiac Cycle
72. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
73. Cardiac Output (CO)
74. Haemodynamics of Circulation
75. Heart Sounds
76. Arterial Pulse
77. Blood pressure
78. Regional circulation
79. Cardiovascular chanes during exercise
80. Edema Dropsy of fluid retention
81. Shock
82. Hematology
83
Pathology
83. Anaemia
84. Hypertension
85. Hypertensive Heart Disease
86. Ischemic Heart Disease
87. Angina pectoris
88. Myocardial infarction
89. Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
90. Acute Pericarditis
91. Myocarditis
92. Infective Endocarditis (IE)
93. Congenital Heart Disease
94. Cardiomyopathies
95. Arteriosclerosis
96. Atherosclerosis
97. Inflammatory Disease of Blood Vessels
98. Aneurysms and Dissection
99. Congestive Heart Failure
100. Iron Deficiency Anaemia
101. Megaloblastic anaemia
102. Pancytopenia
103. Leucocytosis and Leucopenia
104. Aplastic anaemia
105. Haemolytic anaemia
106. Hereditary Spherocytosis
107. Haemoglobinipathies
108. Thalassemia syndrome
109. Sickle Cell Disease
110. Leukaemia
111. Leukemoid reaction
112. Lymphadenitits
113. Hodgkin lymphoma
114. Non-hodgkin lymphoma
115. Myeloproliferative disorders
116. Myelofibrosis
117. Multiple myeloma
118. Bleeding disorders
119. Coagulation disorders
120. any
121. Blood grouping
122
Microbiology
122. Introduction of Blood borne infections
123. Infective Endocarditis
124. Brucella
125. Rickettsiae
126. Leishmania donovani
127. Plasmodium
128. Wuchereria bancrofti
129
Biochemistry
129. Metabolism in Blood Cells
130. Iron metabolism
131. Haemoglobin
132. Lipoprotein metabolism
133. Biochemical aspect of MI
134
Pharmacology
58. Angina pectoris
Edit
1.
List antianginal drugs. Give the mechanism of action and rationale for use of nitroglycerine in acute angina.
[
2071
]
➤
2.
Give the rationale for use of nitrates in angina pectoris. Mention adverse effects and use of nitrates.
[
2069
]
➤
3.
Write short notes on: a. Beta-blockers in angina pectoris b. Treatment of acute attack of angina pectoris
[
2067,
2057,
2061
]
➤
4.
Give the basis for the use of: a. Nitrates in angina pectoris
[
2064,
2059
]
➤
5.
Explain why: a. Beta-blockers are contraindicated in variant angina.
[
2062
]
➤
6.
Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of nitroglycerine.
[
2057
]
➤
7.
Classify anti-angina agents. Briefly describe the mechanism of action of nitrates.
[
2054
]
➤
8.
Classify anti-angina drugs. Mention indications and adverse effects of nitrates.
[
2074
]
➤
NAME
Anti-anginal drugs
CLASSIFICATION
◉
MOA:
◈
steps:
Nitrate release NO
NO stimulates guanylyl cyclase
Guanyl cyclase increase cGMP
cGMP activates protein kinase G
Protein kinase G activates myosin light chain phosphatase
Myosin light chain phosphatase dephosphorylate myosin light chains
Myosin light chains cannot interact with actin
So smooth muscle relaxes
●
with_venodilation:
Peripheral pooling of blood
Decreases venous return
Decreases pre-load
Decreases pressure
Decreases work load to myocardium
Angina relieves
●
with_coronary_dilation:
Redistribution of blood flow to ischemic myocardium
Angina relieves
●
with_arteriolar_dilation:
Total peripheral resistances reduces
Easier to pump blood to aorta
Decreases work load to myocardium
Angina relieves
◈
chemical_order:
Nitrate
NO
Guanylyl cyclase
cGMP
Protein kinase G
Myosin light chain phosphatase
Myosin light chain
Actin
◉
name:
Nitrates
◉
part:
■
name:
Short acting
■
part:
⟣
name:
Glyceryl trinitrate
⟣
name:
Isosorbide dinitrate
■
name:
Long acting
■
part:
⟣
name:
Isosorbide dinitrate
⟣
name:
Isosorbide mononitrate
⟣
name:
Erythrityl tetranitrate
⟣
name:
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
◉
uses:
Angina pectoris
Acute coronary syndrome
Myocardial infarction
CHF and Acute LVF
Biliary colic
Esophageal spasm
Cyanide poisoning
◉
adverse_effects:
Throbbing headache
Postural hypotension
Facial flushing
Tachycardia
Dizziness and fainting
Methemoglobinemia
Rashes
◉
MOA:
◈
process1:
■
steps:
Suppress the activation of heart by blocking β receptors
⟣
decreases:
Heart rate
Contractility
Cardiac output
Blood pressure
Reduces the work of heart
Reduces oxygen demand by myocardium both at rest and exercise
◈
process2:
■
steps:
Inhibit platelet aggregation
Reduce obstruction in unstable angina
◉
name:
β-blockers
◉
part:
■
name:
Propranolol
■
name:
Metoprolol
■
name:
Atenolol
◉
name:
Calcium channel blockers
◉
part:
■
name:
Verapamil
■
name:
Diltiazem
■
name:
Amlodipine
◉
name:
Potassium channel opener
◉
part:
■
name:
Nicorandil
◉
name:
Other anti-anginal drugs
◉
part:
■
name:
Trimetazidine
■
name:
Ranolazine
■
name:
Ivabradine
■
name:
Dipyridamole
Question Answers