1. Anatomy
    2. 1. Mediastinum
    2. The Heart Development
    3. Pericardium
    4. Features of the Heart
    5. Arterial Supply of Heart
    6. Venous Drainage of the Heart
    7. Conducting System of Heart
    8. Nervous System of Heart
    9. Foetal Circulation and Changes at Birth
    10. Microscopic Structure of Heart
    11. Arteries
    12. Arch of Aorta
    13. Descending Thoracic Artery
    14. Abdominal Aorta
    15. Subclavian Artery
    16. Axiallary Artery
    17. Internal Thoracic Artery
    18. Brachial Artery
    19. Radial Artery
    20. Ulnar Artery
    21. Palmar Arches
    22. External Iliac Artery
    23. Internal Iliac Artery
    24. Femoral Artery
    25. Popliteal Artery
    26. Posterior Tibial Artery
    27. Anterior Tibial Artery
    28. Dorsalis Pedia Artery
    29. Common Carotid Artery
    30. External Carotid Artery
    31. Internal Carotid Artery
    32. Veins
    33. Internal Jugular Vein
    34. External Jugular Vein
    35. Superior Venacava
    36. Inferior Venacava
    37. Brachiocephali vein
    38. Subclavian vein
    39. Axillary vein
    40. Cephalic vein
    41. Basilic vein
    42. Azygous vein
    43. Hemiazyous vein
    44. Accessory Hemiazyoug Vein
    45. Internal Hemiazygous Vein
    46. Internal Iliac Vein
    47. Femoral Vein
    48. Popliteal Vein
    49. Long Saphenous Vein
    50. Small or Short Saphenous Vein
    51. Hepato-portal System
    52. Lymphatic System
    53. Spleen
    54. Thymus
    55. Thoracic duct
  2. Pharmacology
    3. 56. Congestive Heart Failure
    57. Therapy of Arrhythmiasis
    58. Angina pectoris
    59. Therapy of Hypertension
    60. Therapy of Shock
    61. Haemostatic Agents
    62. Therapy of Thromboembolic Disorder
    63. Thrombolytic or Fibrinolytics
    64. Antifibrinolytics
    65. Antiplatelet Drugs
    66. Therapy of Iron Deficiency Anemia
    67. Therapy of Megaloblastic Anaemia
    68. Hypolipidemic Drugs and Plasma Expanders
  3. Physiology
    4. 69. Properties of Myocardial Cells
    70. Heart - A Mechanical Pump
    71. Cardiac Cycle
    72. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
    73. Cardiac Output (CO)
    74. Haemodynamics of Circulation
    75. Heart Sounds
    76. Arterial Pulse
    77. Blood pressure
    78. Regional circulation
    79. Cardiovascular chanes during exercise
    80. Edema Dropsy of fluid retention
    81. Shock
    82. Hematology
  4. Pathology
    5. 83. Anaemia
    84. Hypertension
    85. Hypertensive Heart Disease
    86. Ischemic Heart Disease
    87. Angina pectoris
    88. Myocardial infarction
    89. Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
    90. Acute Pericarditis
    91. Myocarditis
    92. Infective Endocarditis (IE)
    93. Congenital Heart Disease
    94. Cardiomyopathies
    95. Arteriosclerosis
    96. Atherosclerosis
    97. Inflammatory Disease of Blood Vessels
    98. Aneurysms and Dissection
    99. Congestive Heart Failure
    100. Iron Deficiency Anaemia
    101. Megaloblastic anaemia
    102. Pancytopenia
    103. Leucocytosis and Leucopenia
    104. Aplastic anaemia
    105. Haemolytic anaemia
    106. Hereditary Spherocytosis
    107. Haemoglobinipathies
    108. Thalassemia syndrome
    109. Sickle Cell Disease
    110. Leukaemia
    111. Leukemoid reaction
    112. Lymphadenitits
    113. Hodgkin lymphoma
    114. Non-hodgkin lymphoma
    115. Myeloproliferative disorders
    116. Myelofibrosis
    117. Multiple myeloma
    118. Bleeding disorders
    119. Coagulation disorders
    120. any
    121. Blood grouping
  5. Microbiology
    6. 122. Introduction of Blood borne infections
    123. Infective Endocarditis
    124. Brucella
    125. Rickettsiae
    126. Leishmania donovani
    127. Plasmodium
    128. Wuchereria bancrofti
  6. Biochemistry
    7. 129. Metabolism in Blood Cells
    130. Iron metabolism
    131. Haemoglobin
    132. Lipoprotein metabolism
    133. Biochemical aspect of MI
Anatomy
4. Features of the Heart

1.

Name the openings in the right atrium.

[2062, 2056]

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2.

Interior of right ventricle development with congenital anomalies.

[2074]

➤

3.

Explain the surfaces and borders of heart. Add a note on surface marking of auscultatory areas of heart.

(4)

[2075]

➤

4.

Describe the internal feature of right atrium.

[2076]

➤

5.

Describe the interior of right ventricle of heart, its source of development and any two congenital anomalies related to right ventricle.

[2077]

➤

PARTS
    ◉ name: atrium
    ◉ parts:
      ■ name: Right atrium
      ■ about:
        ■ parts:
          ⟣ name: Right atrioventricular orifice
          ⟣ valve:
          ➢ name: Tricuspid valve
          ➢ function: Maintains unidirectional flow of blood
          ⟣ other_name: Tricuspid orifice
        ■ function:
        1. Receives venous blood from the whole body
        2. Pumps it to the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular or tricuspid opening.
        ■ position:
        ■ tributaries:
        ● everytime:
        1. Superior venacava
        2. Inferior venacava
        3. Coronary sinus
        4. Anterior cardiac veins
        5. Venae cordis minimae (Thebesian veins)
        ● sometimes:
        1. Right marginal vein
        ■ external_features:
        ● lower_end:
        1. Receives inferior venacava
        ● upper_end:
        1. Receives superior venacava
          2. ➢ name: Right auricle
          ➢ about:
          ⬦ covers: Root of the Ascending aorta
          ⬦ margin:
          ○ shape: notched
          ⬦ interior:
          ○ shape: Sponge-like
          ○ function: Prevents free flow of blood
          ⬦ overlaps: Infundibulum of the right ventricle
          ➢ name: Sulcus terminalis
          ➢ feature: Shallow vertical groove
          ➢ passage: Superior venacava to the inferior venacava
          ➢ location: Right border of the atrium
          ➢ upper_part:
          ⬦ name: Sinuatrial(SA) node
          ⬦ function: Pacemaker of the heart
          ➢ produced_by:
          ⬦ name: Crista terminalis
          ⬦ feature: Internal muscular ridge
        ■ internal_features:
        ● parts:
          ➢ name: Smooth posterior part
          ➢ other_name: Sinus venarum
          ➢ tributaries:
            ○ name: Superior vena cava
            ○ name: Inferior vena cava
            ○ name: Coronary sinus
            ○ name: Venae cordis minimae
            ○ about:
            1. It is numerous small veins present in the walls of all the four chambers.
            2. They open into the right atrium through small foramina.
          ➢ derived_from: Right horn of the sinus venosus
          ➢ name: Rough anterior part
          ➢ parts:
            ○ name: Musculi pectinati
            ○ feature: transverse muscular ridge
          ➢ other_name: Pectinate part
          ➢ derived_from: Primitive atrial chamber
          ➢ name: Interatrial septum
          ➢ parts:
            ○ name: Fossa ovalis
            ○ shape: Shallow saucer-shaped depression
            ○ margin:
            ○ name: Annulus ovalis
            ○ distinct: Above and sides of the fossa ovalis
            ○ deficient: Inferiorly
            ○ other_name: Limbus fossa ovalis
            ○ represents: Lower free edge of the septum secundum
            ○ anterior_edge: Continuous with the left end of the valve of the inferior vena cava
            ○ location: Lower part
            ○ remains_of:
            ○ name: Foramen ovale
            ○ feature: Small slit-like valvular opening
            ○ location: Upper part of the fossa and the limbus
            ○ presence:
            ○ normally: Occluded after birth
            ○ sometimes: Persist
            ○ represents: Site of the embryonic septum primum
          ➢ derived_from: Septum primum and Septum secundum
        ■ name: Left atrium
        ■ about:
          ■ function:
            ■ position:
            ■ tributaries:
            ■ external_features:
            ■ internal_features:
          ◉ name: ventricle
          ◉ parts:
            ■ name: Right ventricle
            ■ about:
              ■ function:
                ■ position:
                ■ tributaries:
                ■ external_features:
                ■ internal_features:
                ■ name: Left ventricle
                ■ about:
                  ■ function:
                    ■ position:
                    ■ tributaries:
                    ■ external_features:
                    ■ internal_features:
                INTRODUCTION
                shape
                conical
                weight
                male
                300 g
                female
                250 g
                function
                pump blood to various parts of the body to meet their nutritive requirement
                location
                middle mediastinum
                dimension
                12 x 9 cm
                placement
                1. obliquely behind the body of the sternum and adjoining parts of the costal cartilages
                2. 1/3 to the right of the median plane
                3. 2/3 to the left of the median plane
                definition
                The heart is a conical hollow muscular organ situated in the middle mediastinum
                greek_name
                value
                cardia
                adjective
                cardiac
                latin_name
                value
                cor
                adjective
                coronary
                enclosed_within
                pericardium
                direction_of_blood_flow
                from atria to ventricles
                downwards, forwards and to the left
                EXTERNAL_FEATURES
                parts
                  ◈ name: Grooves
                  ◈ about:
                  ◈ parts:
                    ● name: Atrioventricular groove
                    ● about:
                    1. On the surface of heart, atria and ventricles are separated by Atrioventricular groove.
                    ● parts:
                      ➢ name: Anterior atrioventricular groove
                      ➢ name: Posterior atrioventricular groove
                      ➢ name: Right atrioventricular groove
                      ➢ shape: Almost vertical
                      ➢ contents:
                      1. Right Coronary artery
                      2. Small cardiac vein
                      ➢ function: Separates right atrium from the right ventricle
                    ● other_name: Coronary sulcus
                    ● name: Interatrial groove
                    ● about:
                    1. On the surface of heart, Atria are separated from each other by an Interatrial groove.
                    ● name: Interventricular groove
                    ● about:
                    1. On the surface of heart, Ventricles are separated from each other by Interventricular groove.
                    ● parts:
                      ➢ name: Anterior interventricular groove
                      ➢ name: Posterior interventricular groove
                  ◈ other_name: Sulcus
                  ◈ name: Apex
                  ◈ location:
                  1. Left 5th intercostal space
                  2. 9 cm lateral to the midsternal line
                  3. Just medial to the midclavicular line
                  ◈ formed_by: Entirely by left ventricle
                  ◈ orientation: Downwards, forwards and to the left
                  ◈ overlapped_by: Anterior border of the left lung
                  ◈ clinical_significance:
                  1. Pulsations is seen and felt over this region in living subject
                  ◈ name: Base
                  ◈ location:
                  ■ erect_posture:
                  1. T4 to T7
                  ■ lying_posture:
                  1. T5 to T8
                  ◈ relation:
                  1. Openings of 4 pulmonary veins which open into the left atrium
                  2. Openings of Superior and Inferior venacava which open into the right atrium
                  ◈ formed_by:
                  1. 2/3 by left atrium
                  2. 1/3 by right atrium
                  ◈ other_name: Posterior surface
                  ◈ separation_from_vertebral_column_by:
                  1. pericardium
                  2. right pulmonary veins
                  3. oesophagus
                  4. aorta
                  ◈ name: Surfaces
                  ◈ parts:
                    ● name: Anterior/ Sternocostal surface
                    ● formed_by:
                    ⟣ parts:
                      ⬦ name: Covered area
                      ⬦ covered_by: Lungs
                      ⬦ name: Uncovered area
                      ⬦ clinically_referred: Area of superficial cardiac dullness
                      ⬦ clinical_significance: Dull on percussion
                    ⟣ mainly_by:
                    1. Right atrium
                    2. Right ventricle
                    ⟣ partly_by:
                    1. Left ventricle
                    2. Left auricle
                    ⟣ covered_by:
                    1. Aorta
                    2. Pulmonary trunk
                    3. Lungs
                    ● name: Inferior surface
                    ● rests_on: Central tendon of the diaphragm
                    ● formed_by:
                    1. left 2/3 by left ventricle
                    2. right 1/3 by right ventricle
                    ● other_name: Diaphragmatic surface
                    ● orientation:
                    1. downwards
                    2. slightly backwards
                    ● traversed_by: Posterior interventricular groove
                    ● name: Left lateral surface
                    ● relation:
                    1. Upper part crossed by the coronary sulcus
                    2. Left phrenic nerve
                    3. Left pericardiacophrenic vessels
                    4. Pericardium
                    ● formed_by:
                    1. mainly by left ventricle
                    2. upper end by left auricle
                  ◈ name: Borders
                  ◈ parts:
                    ● name: Upper border
                    ● shape: Oblique
                    ● formed_by:
                    1. 2 atria
                    2. chiefly by left atrium
                    ● name: Left border
                    ● shape:
                    1. Oblique
                    2. Curved
                    ● extends: apex to left auricle
                    ● formed_by:
                    1. Mainly by left ventricle
                    2. Partly by left auricle
                    ● clinical_significance: separates the anterior and left surfaces of the heart
                    ● name: Right border
                    ● shape: Almost vertical
                    ● extends: Superior venacava to inferior vena cava
                    ● formed_by: Right atrium
                    ● name: Inferior border
                    ● shape: Almost horizontal
                    ● extends: Inferior venacava to apex
                    ● formed_by:
                    1. Right ventricle
                    2. Small part near the apex by left ventricle
                  ◈ name: Crux of the Heart
                  ◈ description: Meeting point of interatrial, atrioventricular and posterior interventricular grooves
                chambers
                atrium
                2
                number
                4
                ventricles
                2
                features
                1. Atria lie above and behind the ventricles.
                2. On the surface of heart, atria and ventricles are separated by Atriventricular groove.
                3. On the surface of heart, Atria are separated from each other by an Interatrial groove.
                4. On the surface of heart, Ventricles are separated from each other by Interventricular groove.

                Question Answers